Increased innate immune responses in adolescents with obesity and its relation to subclinical cardiovascular measures: An exploratory study.

Cardiometabolic risk accrues across the life course and childhood and adolescence are key periods for effective prevention. Obesity is associated with inflammation in adults, but pediatric data are scarce. In a cross-sectional and longitudinal study, we investigated immune cell composition and activation in 31 adolescents with obesity (41.

Change in adiposity is associated with change in glycoprotein acetyls but not hsCRP in adolescents with severe obesity.

Background: Obesity-associated chronic inflammation mediates the development of adverse cardiometabolic outcomes. There are sparse data on associations between severe obesity and inflammatory biomarkers in adolescence; most are cross-sectional and limited to acute phase reactants. Here, we investigate associations between adiposity measures and inflammatory biomarkers in children and adolescents with severe obesity both cross-sectionally and longitudinally.

Nano-chromium picolinate and heat stress enhance insulin sensitivity in cross-bred sheep.

This study evaluated the effects of heat stress (HS) and dietary nano chromium picolinate (nCrPic) on metabolic responses of sheep to an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), an intravenous insulin tolerance test (ITT) and an intramuscular adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) challenge in sheep. Thirty-six sheep housed in metabolic cages were randomly allocated within 3 dietary groups (0, 400 and 800 μg/kg supplemental nCrPic) to either thermoneutral (22 °C) or cyclic HS (22 to 40 °C) conditions for 3 wk. Basal plasma glucose tended to be increased during HS ( = 0.

Evidence for protein leverage in a general population sample of children and adolescents.

Background/objectives: The strong regulation of protein intake can lead to overconsumption of total energy on diets with a low proportion of energy from protein, a process referred to as protein leverage. The protein leverage hypothesis posits that protein leverage explains variation in energy intake and potentially obesity in ecological settings. Here, we tested for protein leverage and the protein leverage hypothesis in children and adolescents.

Genetic Variants in SRD5A2 in a Spectrum of DSD Patients from Australian Clinics Highlight Importance of Genetic Testing alongside Typical First-Line Investigations.

Introduction: Steroid 5-alpha reductase deficiency (5α-R2D) is a rare condition caused by genetic variants that reduce the activity of the enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone. The clinical spectrum of 5α-R2D is known to overlap with other 46,XY differences of sex development (DSD) such as androgen insensitivity or gonadal dysgenesis. However, the clinical trajectories of the aetiologies can differ, with 5α-R2D presenting its own challenges.

Use of antibiotics and risk of type 2 diabetes, overweight and obesity: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study and the national FINRISK study.

Purpose: To investigate whether exposure to systemic antibiotics influences the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and overweight/obesity.

Methods: The study sample comprised 2209 (110 with incident diabetes) participants from the population-based Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS) aged 24-39 years in 2001. The exposure was national linked register data on purchased antibiotic courses between 1993 and 2001.

Decreasing severity of obesity from early to late adolescence and young adulthood associates with longitudinal metabolomic changes implicated in lower cardiometabolic disease risk.

Background: Obesity in childhood is associated with metabolic dysfunction, adverse subclinical cardiovascular phenotypes and adult cardiovascular disease. Longitudinal studies of youth with obesity investigating changes in severity of obesity with metabolomic profiles are sparse. We investigated associations between (i) baseline body mass index (BMI) and follow-up metabolomic profiles; (ii) change in BMI with follow-up metabolomic profiles; and (iii) change in BMI with change in metabolomic profiles (mean interval 5.

Obesity during childhood is associated with higher cancer mortality rate during adulthood: the i3C Consortium.

Background: In high-income countries, cancer is the leading cause of death among middle-aged adults. Prospective data on the effects of childhood risk exposures on subsequent cancer mortality are scarce.

Methods: We examined whether childhood body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, glucose and lipid levels were associated with adult cancer mortality, using data from 21,012 children enrolled aged 3-19 years in seven prospective cohort studies from the U.

Modest decrease in severity of obesity in adolescence associates with low arterial stiffness.

Background And Aims: Childhood obesity is associated with cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF), subclinical cardiovascular phenotypes (carotid intima-media thickness, cIMT; pulse-wave velocity, PWV; and carotid elasticity), and adult cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. In youth with obesity (body mass index, BMI ≥95th centile), we investigated associations between changes in adiposity and CVRF in early adolescence and subclinical cardiovascular phenotypes in late adolescence.

Methods: Participants had adiposity measures (the severity of obesity in percentage >95th BMI-centile (%>95th BMI-centile)), waist circumference (WC), percentage total body fat (%BF) and CVRF (systolic blood pressure, SBP; glycoprotein acetyls, GlycA; and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) assessed in early (mean age 10.

Fatty liver index predicts incident risk of prediabetes, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Aims: To investigate the association between overweight/obesity and fatty liver index (FLI) on the odds of incident prediabetes/type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in 2020 participants after 10 years follow up.

Methods: At baseline (in 2001) 2020 participants, males and females, aged 24-39 years, were stratified according to body mass index (BMI), normal weight (<25 kg/m), overweight (≥25-<30 kg/m), or obese (≥30 kg/m) and FLI (as high FLI ≥60 or low FLI <60). We examined the incidence of prediabetes/type 2 diabetes and NAFLD (ultrasound assessed) over 10 years to 2011 to determine the relative impact of FLI and BMI.

Dietary nano chromium picolinate can ameliorate some of the impacts of heat stress in cross-bred sheep.

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of nano chromium picolinate (nCrPic) during heat stress (HS) in sheep. In the initial study, 36 Merino × Poll cross-bred sheep were individually penned and allocated to 3 dietary treatments (0, 400 and 800 μg/kg nCrPic) for 8 wk. Body composition was determined at the beginning and end of the experiment using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Dietary Pattern Trajectories from Youth to Adulthood and Adult Risk of Impaired Fasting Glucose: A 31-year Cohort Study.

Context: The influence of dietary pattern trajectories from youth to adulthood on adult glucose metabolism is unknown.

Objective: To identify dietary pattern trajectories from youth to adulthood and examine their associations with adult impaired fasting glucose (IFG).

Methods: Thirty-one-year population-based cohort study among 1007 youths aged 3-18 years at baseline in Finland.

Childhood and Adulthood Passive Smoking and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver in Midlife: A 31-year Cohort Study.

Introduction: Identifying early life risk factors remains key to the prevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver (hereinafter "fatty liver") in adulthood. However, the longitudinal association of childhood passive smoking with adult fatty liver is not studied. We examined the association of childhood and adulthood passive smoking with fatty liver in midlife.

Childhood and long-term dietary calcium intake and adult cardiovascular risk in a population with high calcium intake.

Background & Aims: The influence of dietary calcium intake in childhood on adult cardiovascular health is unknown, particularly in those with long-term high intake. To examine both linear and non-linear associations of childhood and long-term (between childhood and adulthood) dietary calcium intake with adult cardiovascular risk outcomes.

Methods: A population-based prospective cohort study in Finland (n = 1029, aged 3-18 years at baseline).

Attainment of Targets of the 20-Year Infancy-Onset Dietary Intervention and Blood Pressure Across Childhood and Young Adulthood: The Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP).

We examined whether success in achieving the key targets of an infancy-onset 20-year dietary intervention was associated with blood pressure (BP) from infancy to young adulthood. In the prospective randomized STRIP (Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project; n=877 children), dietary counseling was provided biannually based on the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations primarily to improve the quality of dietary fat in children's diets and secondarily to promote intake of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains. Dietary data and BP were accrued annually from the age of 13 months to 20 years.

Body Mass Index From Early to Late Childhood and Cardiometabolic Measurements at 11 to 12 Years.

Objectives: To examine how overweight and obesity at specific ages and overall BMI growth patterns throughout childhood predict cardiometabolic phenotypes at 11 to 12 years.

Methods: In a population-based sample of 5107 infants, BMI was measured every 2 years between ages 2 to 3 and 10 to 11 years. We identified 5 BMI trajectories using growth curve models.

Association of Body Mass Index in Youth With Adult Cardiometabolic Risk.

Background Whether long-term exposure to overweight or obesity from early life to adulthood has a detrimental influence on health outcomes is unknown. We aimed to investigate whether duration of overweight or obesity from youth to adulthood is associated with adult cardiometabolic risk. Methods and Results A population-based cohort study was performed of 1268 youths, aged 3 to 18 years, with follow-ups at 3, 6, 9, 12, 21, 27, and 31 years.

Longitudinal association of a body mass index (BMI) genetic risk score with growth and BMI changes across the life course: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.

Background: The role of genetic risk scores associated with adult body mass index (BMI) on BMI levels across the life course is unclear. We examined if a 97 single nucleotide polymorphism weighted genetic risk score (wGRS97) associated with age-related progression in BMI at different life stages and distinct developmental trajectories of BMI across the early life course.

Methods: 2188 Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study participants born pre-1980 who had genotype data and objective measurements of height and weight collected up to 8 times from age 6 to 49 years.

Lower grip strength in youth with obesity identifies those with increased cardiometabolic risk.

Background: We examined whether grip strength differentiates youth with obesity with increased cardiometabolic risk.

Methods: The sample comprised 43 youth with severe obesity (mean age 14.8, standard deviation 3.

Trained Immunity: Linking Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease across the Life-Course?

Obesity, a chronic inflammatory disease, is the most prevalent modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms underlying inflammation in obesity are incompletely understood. Recent developments have challenged the dogma of immunological memory occurring exclusively in the adaptive immune system and show that the innate immune system has potential to be reprogrammed.

Non-HDL Cholesterol Levels in Childhood and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Adulthood.

Background: Elevated non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are used to identify children at increased cardiovascular risk, but the use of non-HDL-C in childhood to predict atherosclerosis is unclear. We examined whether the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute classification of youth non-HDL-C status predicts high common carotid artery intima-media thickness in adulthood.

Methods: We analyzed data from 4 prospective cohorts among 4582 children aged 3 to 19 years who were remeasured as adults (mean follow-up of 26 years).

Evidence for Protein Leverage in Children and Adolescents with Obesity.

Objective: The aim of this study was to test the protein leverage hypothesis in a cohort of youth with obesity.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in a cohort of youth with obesity attending a tertiary weight management service. Validated food questionnaires revealed total energy intake (TEI) and percentage of energy intake from carbohydrates (%EC), fats (%EF), and proteins (%EP).

Time spent watching television impacts on body mass index in youth with obesity, but only in those with shortest sleep duration.

Aim: To determine the interplay between sleep and sedentary behaviours on body mass index (BMI) in children with obesity.

Methods: Cross-sectional study of 343 children with obesity aged 4-17 years, from a tertiary care weight management clinic in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Multifaceted data relating to activity and sleep from child and parent questionnaires analysed with anthropometric data collected during routine clinical care.

Age-Specific Estimates and Comparisons of Youth Tri-Ponderal Mass Index and Body Mass Index in Predicting Adult Obesity-Related Outcomes.

Objectives: To estimate and compare tri-ponderal mass index (TMI) and body mass index (BMI) at each age from childhood to young adulthood in the prediction of adulthood obesity-related outcomes.

Study Design: Participants of this observational study (n = 432) were from a 20-year infancy-onset randomized atherosclerosis prevention trial. BMI and TMI were calculated using weight and height measured annually from participants between ages 2 and 20 years.