Genomics of perivascular space burden unravels early mechanisms of cerebral small vessel disease.

Perivascular space (PVS) burden is an emerging, poorly understood, magnetic resonance imaging marker of cerebral small vessel disease, a leading cause of stroke and dementia. Genome-wide association studies in up to 40,095 participants (18 population-based cohorts, 66.3 ± 8.

Association of Dilated Perivascular Spaces With Cognitive Decline and Incident Dementia.

Objective: To determine whether severe perivascular space (PVS) dilation is associated with longitudinal cognitive decline and incident dementia over 4 and 8 years, respectively, we analyzed data from a prospective cohort study.

Methods: A total of 414 community-dwelling older adults aged 72-92 years were assessed at baseline and biennially for up to 8 years, with cognitive assessments, consensus dementia diagnoses, and 3T MRI. The numbers of PVS in 2 representative slices in the basal ganglia (BG) and centrum semiovale (CSO) were counted and severe PVS pathology defined as the top quartile.

Plasma lipidomic biomarker analysis reveals distinct lipid changes in vascular dementia.

Vascular dementia (VaD) is a complex neurocognitive disorder secondary to a variety of cerebrovascular lesions. Numerous studies have shown that lipid metabolism is involved in the pathobiology of the disease. We examined the plasma lipid profiles in VaD, with the expectation of identifying reliable lipid biomarkers for VaD.

Development and validation of a rating scale for perivascular spaces on 3T MRI.

Background And Purpose: To develop and validate a novel perivascular space rating scale, based on single axial slices in the basal ganglia and the centrum semiovale on T1-weighted and FLAIR images obtained on a 3T MRI scanner.

Methods: 414 community dwelling older adults age 70-90 were assessed. The number of perivascular spaces in the slices 2 mm (basal ganglia) and 37 mm (centrum semiovale) above the anterior commissure were counted.

The association of regional white matter lesions with cognition in a community-based cohort of older individuals.

Emerging evidence from lesion-symptom mapping (LSM) studies suggested that regional white matter lesions (WML) on strategic white matter (WM) fiber tracts are significantly associated with specific cognitive domains, independent of global WML burden. However, previous LSM investigations were mostly carried out in disease cohorts, with little evidence from community-based older individuals, making findings difficult to generalize. Moreover, most LSM studies applied a threshold to the probabilistic atlas, leading to the loss of information and threshold-dependent findings.

Neuroimaging and neuropathology indices of cerebrovascular disease burden: A systematic review.

Objective: To systematically review the literature on the use of both neuroimaging and neuropathologic indices of cerebrovascular disease (CVD) burden, as estimation of this burden could have multiple benefits in the diagnosis and prognosis of cognitive impairment and dementia.

Methods: MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched (inception to June 2017) to obtain and then systematically review all pertinent neuroimaging and neuropathology studies, where an index of CVD was developed or tested.

Results: Twenty-five neuroimaging articles were obtained, which included 4 unique indices.

Mild Cognitive Impairment Subtypes in Older People With Depressive Symptoms: Relationship With Clinical Variables and Hippocampal Change.

Aims: To examine the rates and clinical characteristics of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older people with depressive symptoms and to determine the relative contribution of hippocampal volume and MCI to memory change.

Method: One hundred and fifty-two participants with lifetime Major Depression and remitted or mild symptoms and 28 healthy controls underwent psychiatric and neuropsychological assessments. Magnetic resonance imaging was also conducted in a subset of the patients (n = 81) and healthy controls (n = 18).

Randomized controlled trial of a healthy brain ageing cognitive training program: effects on memory, mood, and sleep.

Background: With the rise in the ageing population and absence of a cure for dementia, cost-effective prevention strategies for those 'at risk' of dementia including those with depression and/or mild cognitive impairment are urgently required.

Objective: This study evaluated the efficacy of a multifaceted Healthy Brain Ageing Cognitive Training (HBA-CT) program for older adults 'at risk' of dementia.

Methods: Using a single-blinded design, 64 participants (mean age = 66.

Clinical and Cognitive Correlates of Structural Hippocampal Change in "At-Risk" Older Adults.

With estimates of dementia expected to rise over the coming decades, there is interest in understanding the factors associated with promoting neuroprotection and limiting neurodegeneration. In this study, we examined the change in the volume of the hippocampus over a 2-month period in 34 older people "at risk" of cognitive decline (mean age = 66.8 years, 38% male).

Reduced temporal mismatch negativity in late-life depression: an event-related potential index of cognitive deficit and functional disability?

Background: Depression in older people has been consistently linked with a variety of neurobiological brain changes. One measure of preattentive auditory processing, the mismatch negativity (MMN), has not been previously examined in late-life depression. This study examined MMN elicited by duration deviant stimuli in older people with lifetime depression, and explored its relationship with neuropsychological functioning and disability.

Does ADHD in adults affect the relative accuracy of metamemory judgments?

Objective: Prior research suggests that individuals with ADHD overestimate their performance across domains despite performing more poorly in these domains. The authors introduce measures of accuracy from the larger realm of judgment and decision making--namely, relative accuracy and calibration--to the study of self-evaluative judgment accuracy in adults with ADHD.

Method: Twenty-eight adults with ADHD and 28 matched controls participate in a computer-administered paired-associate learning task and predict their future recall using immediate and delayed judgments of learning (JOLs).

Substance use and delinquency during adolescence: a prospective look at an at-risk sample.

This paper focuses on the relationship between adolescent substance use and delinquent behavior in a sample of homeless young people. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that delinquency and substance use are best described as discrete factors, and competing theoretical models of the longitudinal association between these two factors were examined using structural equations modeling techniques. The results suggest that delinquent behavior is associated with changes in alcohol, marijuana, and drug use across time.

Cultural and contextual influences in mental health help seeking: a focus on ethnic minority youth.

In this article, a mental health help-seeking model is offered as a framework for understanding cultural and contextual factors that affect ethnic minority adolescents' pathways into mental health services. The effects of culture and context are profound across the entire help-seeking pathway, from problem identification to choice of treatment providers. The authors argue that an understanding of these help-seeking pathways provides insights into ethnic group differences in mental health care utilization and that further research in this area is needed.