4D In-Situ Microscopy of Aerosol Filtration in a Wall Flow Filter.

The transient nature of the internal pore structure of particulate wall flow filters, caused by the continuous deposition of particulate matter, makes studying their flow and filtration characteristics challenging. In this article we present a new methodology and first experimental demonstration of time resolved in-situ synchrotron micro X-ray computed tomography (micro-CT) to study aerosol filtration. We directly imaged in 4D (3D plus time) pore scale deposits of TiO2 nanoparticles (nominal mean primary diameter of 25 nm) with a pixel resolution of 1.

Adjudication of cardiovascular events in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: SUMMIT trial.

Background: Adjudicated cause-specific mortality has been used in major trials of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, there is less experience with adjudicated major adverse cardiovascular events as a key efficacy outcome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease trials. The Study to Understand Mortality and Morbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease trial required a Clinical Endpoint Committee to adjudicate the outcomes of modified major adverse cardiovascular events and cause-specific mortality.

Tunable cw UV laser with <35 kHz absolute frequency instability for precision spectroscopy of Sr Rydberg states.

We present a solid-state laser system that generates over 200 mW of continuous-wave, narrowband light, tunable from 316.3 nm - 317.7 nm and 318.

Hematologic Disorders: Sickle Cell Disease.

Sickle cell disease, the most common inherited hemoglobinopathy in the United States, is a group of autosomal recessive red cell disorders resulting from hemoglobin S. Hemoglobin S forms rigid polymers when deoxygenated that give red blood cells their sickle crescent shape. Increased viscosity and cell adhesion result in vasoocclusion.

Hematologic Disorders: Bone Marrow Failure.

Pancytopenia with hypocellular bone marrow most often is caused by idiopathic aplastic anemia, but can be caused by inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, drugs, infections, nutritional deficiencies, and rheumatologic disease. Aplastic anemia (AA) can remain stable for years but can become severe or transform into a myelodysplastic syndrome, acute leukemia, or paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Corticosteroids and erythropoietin are ineffective for management of aplastic anemia; and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is only indicated in severe infections that do not improve with antibiotics.

Hematologic Disorders: Blood Transfusion Products.

Until the 1980s, liberal blood transfusion criteria with limited evidence were used regardless of the patient's clinical condition. However, blood transfusion products are associated with several risks, such as infection, acute lung injury, circulatory overload, and hemolytic transfusion reactions. More restrictive transfusion criteria and patient monitoring can decrease the need for transfusions, as well as decrease morbidity and mortality rates and costs.

Hematologic Disorders: Anemia.

Anemia occurs in up to 25% of the US population. Normal hemoglobin levels vary by race, sex, and age. Classification of anemia by mean corpuscular volume guides the differential diagnosis and evaluation.

Aphasia and swallowing problems in subjects with incident stroke in rural northern Tanzania: a case-control study.

Objectives: This study was carried out to quantify the degree of cognitive impairment and the extent of speech, language, and swallowing problems in a representative cohort of Swahili-speaking people with stroke in Tanzania.

Methods: A case-control design was used, comparing people with and without stroke on a screening test for aphasia (spoken comprehension and expression), a water swallow test, and the Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSI-D).

Results: Fifty-eight persons between 6 and 60 months (median 36) post stroke and 58 age- and gender-matched control subjects were assessed.

A cross-sectional study of quality of life in incident stroke survivors in rural northern Tanzania.

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes to, and predictors of, quality of life (QOL) in a community-based cohort of stroke survivors from an earlier stroke incidence study in rural northern Tanzania. Patients were assessed 1-5 years after their incident stroke. The study cohort was compared with an age- and sex-matched control group from the same rural district within a cross-sectional design.

Chemistry of 4-alkylaryloxenium ion "precursors": sound and fury signifying something?

Quinol esters 2b, 2c, and 3b and sulfonamide 4c were investigated as possible precursors to 4-alkylaryloxenium ions, reactive intermediates that have not been previously detected. These compounds exhibit a variety of interesting reactions, but with one possible exception, they do not generate oxenium ions. The 4-isopropyl ester 2b predominantly undergoes ordinary acid- and base-catalyzed ester hydrolysis.

4'-substituted-4-biphenylyloxenium ions: reactivity and selectivity in aqueous solution.

Azide trapping shows that the 4'-substituted-4-biphenylyloxenium ions 1b-d are generated during hydrolysis of 4-aryl-4-acetoxy-2,5-cyclohexadienones, 2c and 2d, and O-(4-aryl)phenyl-N-methanesulfonylhydroxylamines, 3b and 3c. In addition, the 4'-bromo-substituted ester, 2d, undergoes a kinetically second-order reaction with N3- that accounts for a fraction of the azide adduct, 5d. Since both first-order and second-order azide trapping occurs simultaneously in 2d, the second-order reaction is not enforced by the short lifetime of 1d, which has similar azide/solvent selectivity to the unsubstituted ion, 1a.