Ultra-High- Ferroelectric BaTiO Perovskite in the Gate Stack for Two-Dimensional WSe p-Type High-Performance Transistors.

The experimental demonstration of a p-type 2D WSe transistor with a ferroelectric perovskite BaTiO gate oxide is presented. The 30 nm thick BaTiO gate stack shows a robust ferroelectric hysteresis with a remanent polarization of 20 μC/cm and further enables a capacitance equivalent thickness of 0.5 nm in the hybrid WSe/BaTiO stack due to its high dielectric constant of 323.

How climate impacts the composition of wolf-killed elk in northern Yellowstone National Park.

While the functional response of predators is commonly measured, recent work has revealed that the age and sex composition of prey killed is often a better predictor of prey population dynamics because the reproductive value of adult females is usually higher than that of males or juveniles. Climate is often an important mediating factor in determining the composition of predator kills, but we currently lack a mechanistic understanding of how the multiple facets of climate interact with prey abundance and demography to influence the composition of predator kills. Over 20 winters, we monitored 17 wolf packs in Yellowstone National Park and recorded the sex, age and nutritional condition of kills of their dominant prey-elk-in both early and late winter periods when elk are in relatively good and relatively poor condition, respectively.

Single Anastomosis Duodenal Switch: 1-Year Outcomes.

Introduction: Single-anastomosis duodenal switch has been suggested to be an effective bariatric procedure that offers excellent weight loss and by lengthening the common channel the potential to reduce micronutrient deficiencies.

Purpose: To evaluate the weight loss, comorbidity resolution and the 1-year nutritional outcomes of the single-anastomosis duodenal switch (SADS) procedure.

Setting: Multiple US Hospitals.

Do prey select for vacant hunting domains to minimize a multi-predator threat?

Many ecosystems contain sympatric predator species that hunt in different places and times. We tested whether this provides vacant hunting domains, places and times where and when predators are least active, that prey use to minimize threats from multiple predators simultaneously. We measured how northern Yellowstone elk (Cervus elaphus) responded to wolves (Canis lupus) and cougars (Puma concolor), and found that elk selected for areas outside the high-risk domains of both predators consistent with the vacant domain hypothesis.

Weak spatiotemporal response of prey to predation risk in a freely interacting system.

The extent to which prey space use actively minimizes predation risk continues to ignite controversy. Methodological reasons that have hindered consensus include inconsistent measurements of predation risk, biased spatiotemporal scales at which responses are measured and lack of robust null expectations. We addressed all three challenges in a comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal responses of adult female elk (Cervus elaphus) to the risk of predation by wolves (Canis lupus) during winter in northern Yellowstone, USA.

Population responses of common ravens to reintroduced gray wolves.

Top predators have cascading effects throughout the food web, but their impacts on scavenger abundance are largely unknown. Gray wolves () provide carrion to a suite of scavenger species, including the common raven (). Ravens are wide-ranging and intelligent omnivores that commonly take advantage of anthropogenic food resources.

Predation shapes the evolutionary traits of cervid weapons.

Sexually selected weapons evolved to maximize the individual reproductive success of males in many polygynous breeding species. Many weapons are also retained outside of reproductive periods for secondary reasons, but the importance of these secondary functions is poorly understood. Here we leveraged a unique opportunity from the predator-prey system in northern Yellowstone National Park, WY, USA to evaluate whether predation by a widespread, coursing predator (wolves) has influenced a specific weapon trait (antler retention time) in their primary cervid prey (elk).

Competition between apex predators? Brown bears decrease wolf kill rate on two continents.

Trophic interactions are a fundamental topic in ecology, but we know little about how competition between apex predators affects predation, the mechanism driving top-down forcing in ecosystems. We used long-term datasets from Scandinavia (Europe) and Yellowstone National Park (North America) to evaluate how grey wolf () kill rate was affected by a sympatric apex predator, the brown bear (). We used kill interval (i.

Plazomicin is effective in a non-human primate pneumonic plague model.

The efficacy of plazomicin for pneumonic plague was evaluated in a non-human primate model. African Green monkeys challenged with a lethal aerosol of Yersinia pestis [median (range) of 98 (15-331) LD] received placebo (n=12) or 'humanized' dose regimens (6.25, 12.

Eight more ways to deal with antibiotic resistance.

The fight against antibiotic resistance must be strengthened. We propose actions that U.S.

Seasonal patterns of predation for gray wolves in the multi-prey system of Yellowstone National Park.

1. For large predators living in seasonal environments, patterns of predation are likely to vary among seasons because of related changes in prey vulnerability. Variation in prey vulnerability underlies the influence of predators on prey populations and the response of predators to seasonal variation in rates of biomass acquisition.

State-of-the-art therapeutic medical countermeasures for viral threat agents.

In recent years, there has been an increase in the perceived threat of biological agents being used against civilian populations. This has prompted an urgent need for the development and procurement of medical countermeasures (MCMs) against highly pathogenic viruses that can prevent morbidity and mortality from infections caused by these agents. To date, antiviral drug development has been largely focused on clinically prevalent chronic infections due to their commercial viability.

Effect of sociality and season on gray wolf (Canis lupus) foraging behavior: implications for estimating summer kill rate.

Background: Understanding how kill rates vary among seasons is required to understand predation by vertebrate species living in temperate climates. Unfortunately, kill rates are only rarely estimated during summer.

Methodology/principal Findings: For several wolf packs in Yellowstone National Park, we used pairs of collared wolves living in the same pack and the double-count method to estimate the probability of attendance (PA) for an individual wolf at a carcass.

Coordination copolymerization of severely encumbered isoalkenes with ethylene: enhanced enchainment mediated by binuclear catalysts and cocatalysts.

This contribution describes the implementation of the binuclear organotitanium "constrained geometry catalysts" (CGCs), (mu-CH(2)CH(2)-3,3'){(eta(5)-indenyl)[1-Me(2)Si((t)()BuN)](TiMe(2))}(2)[EBICGC(TiMe(2))(2); Ti(2)] and (mu-CH(2)-3,3'){(eta(5)-indenyl)[1-Me(2)Si((t)BuN)](TiMe(2))}(2)[MBICGC(TiMe(2))(2); C1-Ti(2)], in combination with the bifunctional bisborane activator 1,4-(C(6)F(5))(2)BC(6)F(4)B(C(6)F(5))(2) (BN(2)) in ethylene + olefin copolymerization processes. Specifically examined are the classically poorly responsive 1,1-disubstituted comonomers, methylenecyclopentane (C), methylenecyclohexane (D), 1,1,2-trisubstituted 2-methyl-2-butene (E), and isobutene (F). For the first three comonomers, this represents the first report of their incorporation into a polyethylene backbone via a coordination polymerization process.

The conserved Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria effector protein XopX is a virulence factor and suppresses host defense in Nicotiana benthamiana.

Nicotiana benthamiana leaves display a visible plant cell death response when infiltrated with a high titer inoculum of the non-host pathogen, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv). This visual phenotype was used to identify overlapping cosmid clones from a genomic cosmid library constructed from the Xcv strain, GM98-38.

Tree stand falls: a persistent cause of sports injury.

Objective: Tree stand falls are a well-known cause of hunting-related injury. Spine and brain injuries associated with these falls result in a significant incidence of permanent disability. Prior studies indicate that hunting tree stand injuries are largely preventable with the proper use of safety belts; however, compliance with safety belt use is variable.

Natural history of carotid artery stenosis contralateral to endarterectomy: results from two randomized prospective trials.

Purpose: A few nonrandomized studies have reported the natural history of carotid artery stenosis (CAS) contralateral to carotid endarterectomy (CEA). This study analyzed this condition with data from two randomized prospective trials.

Methods: The contralateral carotid arteries in 534 patients from two randomized trials that compared CEA with primary closure versus patching were followed up clinically and with duplex ultrasound scanning at 1 month and then every 6 months.

C2-symmetric bis(oxazolinato)lanthanide catalysts for enantioselective intramolecular hydroamination/cyclization.

C(2)-symmetric bis(oxazolinato)lanthanide complexes of the type [(4R,5S)-Ph(2)Box]La[N(TMS)(2)](2), [(4S,5R)-Ar(2)Box]La[N(TMS)(2)](2), and [(4S)-Ph-5,5-Me(2)Box]La[N(TMS)(2)](2) (Box = 2,2'-bis(2-oxazoline)methylenyl; Ar = 4-tert-butylphenyl, 1-naphthyl; TMS = SiMe(3)) serve as precatalysts for the efficient enantioselective intramolecular hydroamination/cyclization of aminoalkenes and aminodienes. These new catalyst systems are conveniently generated in situ from the known metal precursors Ln[N(TMS)(2)](3) or Ln[CH(TMS)(2)](3) (Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Y, Lu) and 1.2 equiv of commercially available or readily prepared bis(oxazoline) ligands such as (4R,5S)-Ph(2)BoxH, (4S,5R)-Ar(2)BoxH, and (4S)-Ph-5,5-Me(2)BoxH.

Natural history of > or =60% asymptomatic carotid stenosis in patients with contralateral carotid occlusion.

Objective: Although the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (ACAS) reported that carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is beneficial for patients with asymptomatic > or =60% carotid stenosis (ACS), several other studies have reported mixed results. Our prospective study analyzed the natural history of > or =60% ACS in patients with contralateral carotid occlusion (CCO).

Patient Population And Methods: During a 10-year period, patients with 60-<70% ACS with CCO were entered into a protocol of clinical examination and duplex surveillance every 6 months.

Purine synthesis and increased Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation of yeast and plants.

The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens transforms eukaryotic hosts by transferring DNA to the recipient cell where it is integrated and expressed. Bacterial factors involved in this interkingdom gene transfer have been described, but less is known about host-cell factors. Using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model host, we devised a genetic screen to identify yeast mutants with altered transformation sensitivities.

The role of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in extrahepatic portal hypertension: studies in gene-knockout mice.

Background & Aims: Considerable debate exists concerning which isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is responsible for the increased production of NO in PHT. We used the portal vein ligation model of PHT in wild-type and eNOS- or iNOS-knockout mice to definitively determine the contribution of these isoforms in the development of PHT.

Methods: The portal vein of wild-type mice, or those with targeted mutations in the nos2 gene (iNOS) or the nos3 gene (eNOS), was ligated and portal venous pressure (Ppv), abdominal aortic blood flow (Qao), and portosystemic shunt determined 2 weeks later.

Catalyst/cocatalyst nuclearity effects in single-site polymerization. Enhanced polyethylene branching and alpha-olefin comonomer enchainment in polymerizations mediated by binuclear catalysts and cocatalysts via a new enchainment pathway.

The binuclear "constrained geometry catalyst" (CGC) (mu-CH2CH2-3,3'){(eta5-indenyl )[1-Me2Si(tBuN)](ZrMe2)}2 [EBICGC(ZrMe2)2; Zr2] and the trityl bisborate dianion (Ph3C+)2[1,4-(C6F5)3BC6F4B(C6F5)3]2- (B2) have been synthesized to serve as new types of multicenter homogeneous olefin polymerization catalysts and cocatalysts, respectively. Additionally, the complex [1-Me2Si(3-ethylindenyl)(tBuN)]ZrMe2 (Zr1) was synthesized as a mononuclear control. For the bimetallic catalyst or bisborate cocatalyst, high effective local active site concentrations and catalyst center-catalyst center cooperative effects are evidenced by bringing the catalytic centers together via either covalent or electrostatic bonding.