Boron-nitrogen substituted dihydroindeno[1,2-b]fluorene derivatives as acceptors in organic solar cells.

The electrophilic borylation of 2,5-diarylpyrazines results in the formation of boron-nitrogen doped dihydroindeno[1,2-b]fluorene which can be synthesized using standard Schlenk techniques and worked up and handled readily under atmospheric conditions. Through transmetallation via diarylzinc reagents a series of derivatives were synthesized which show broad visible to near-IR light absorption profiles that highlight the versatility of this BN substituted core for use in optoelectronic devices. The synthesis is efficient, scalable and allows for tuning through changes in substituents on the planar heterocyclic core and at boron.

Divergent reactivity of nucleophilic 1-bora-7a-azaindenide anions.

The reactions of 1-bora-7a-azaindenide anions, prepared in moderate to excellent yields by reduction of the appropriate 1-bora-7a-azaindenyl chlorides with KC in THF, with alkyl halides and carbon dioxide were studied. With alkyl halides (CHCl, CHI and BrCH(D)CH(D)Bu), the anions behave as boron anions, alkylating the boron centre via a classic S2 mechanism. This was established with DFT methods and via experiments utilizing the neo-hexyl stereoprobe BrCH(D)CH(D)Bu.

Efficient synthetic methods for the installation of boron-nitrogen bonds in conjugated organic molecules.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in which one or more CC units have been replaced by isoelectronic BN units have attracted interest as potentially improved organic materials in various devices. This promise has been hampered by a lack of access to gram quantities of these materials. However, the exploitation of keystone reactions such as ring closing metathesis, borylative cyclization of amino styrenes and electrophilic borylation has lead to strategies for access to workable amounts of material.

Treatment for allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria: focus on oral antihistamines.

Objective: To review the efficacy and safety of first- and newer-generation antihistamines for the management of allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU), with a focus on management in the pharmacy.

Data Sources: A literature review was performed using MEDLINE (1966-October 2005), with no time or language restrictions. Key words or phrases used were histamine, antihistamine(s), first- and second-generation, allergic rhinitis, chronic idiopathic urticaria, quality of life, impairment, sedation, cost-effectiveness, astemizole, cetirizine, desloratadine, diphenhydramine, fexofenadine, loratadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, and mizolastine.