To be or not to be immediate with clients: the use and perceived effects of immediacy in psychodynamic/interpersonal psychotherapy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use and perceived effects of immediacy in 16 cases of open-ended psychodynamic psychotherapy. Of 234 immediacy events, most were initiated by therapists and involved exploration of unexpressed or covert feelings. Immediacy occurred during approximately 5% of time in therapy.

Perceived sources of change in trainees' self-efficacy beliefs.

Thought-listing procedures were used to examine the perceived incidence, size, direction, and bases of change in the session-level self-efficacy of therapists in training. Ninety-eight Master's-level trainees completed a cognitive assessment task immediately after each session with a client in their first practicum. Participants typically reported modest-sized, positive changes in their therapeutic self-efficacy at each session.