Infant AFAR: Automated facial action recognition in infants.

Automated detection of facial action units in infants is challenging. Infant faces have different proportions, less texture, fewer wrinkles and furrows, and unique facial actions relative to adults. For these and related reasons, action unit (AU) detectors that are trained on adult faces may generalize poorly to infant faces.

Behavioral and Social Functioning of Children With and Without Positional Plagiocephaly: Late Infancy to School Age.

Positional plagiocephaly and/or brachycephaly (PPB) is associated with cognition, motor, and other developmental outcomes, but little is known about the social-behavioral adjustment of children with PPB. The primary aim of this study was to compare the social-behavioral development of preschool and school-age children with and without PPB and to examine the potential moderating effects of PPB severity on group differences. Two hundred twenty children with a history of PPB and 164 controls participated in at least one behavioral assessment at 4-11 months, 18 months, 36 months, and 7 years.

Prediction of school-age IQ, academic achievement, and motor skills in children with positional plagiocephaly.

Introduction: Children with positional plagiocephaly and/or brachycephaly (PPB) are at risk of early developmental delay, but little is known about early life factors associated with school-age neurodevelopment. This study examined associations of demographic characteristics, prenatal risk factors and early neurodevelopment assessment with school-age IQ, academic performance, and motor development in children with PPB.

Methods: The study sample consisted of 235 school-age children with PPB followed since infancy.

Do Infant Motor Skills Mediate the Association Between Positional Plagiocephaly/Brachycephaly and Cognition in School-Aged Children?

Objective: Positional plagiocephaly/brachycephaly (PPB) is associated with lower cognitive scores in school-aged children. This study tested the hypothesis that infant motor skills mediate this association.

Methods: Children with a history of PPB (cases, n = 187) and without PPB (controls, n = 149) were followed from infancy through approximately 9 years of age.

Cognitive, Motor, and Language Development of Preschool Children With Craniofacial Microsomia.

Objective: To examine neurodevelopment in preschool-aged children with craniofacial microsomia (CFM) relative to unaffected peers.

Design: Multisite, longitudinal cohort study.

Setting: Tertiary care centers in the United States.

Behavioral Adjustment of Preschool Children With and Without Craniofacial Microsomia.

Objective: The study aim was to assess behavioral adjustment in preschool children with and without craniofacial microsomia (CFM).

Design: Multisite cohort study of preschoolers with CFM ("cases") or without CFM ("controls").

Participants: Mothers (89%), fathers (9%), and other caregivers (2%) of 161 preschoolers.

Motor Function in School-Aged Children With Positional Plagiocephaly or Brachycephaly.

Objective: To determine whether children with a history of positional plagiocephaly/brachycephaly (PPB) show persistent deficits in motor development.

Methods: In a longitudinal cohort study, we completed follow-up assessments with 187 school-aged children with PPB and 149 participants without PPB who were originally enrolled in infancy. Primary outcomes were the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Second Edition (BOT-2) composite scores.

Surgical Approach and Periprocedural Outcomes by Race and Ethnicity of Children Undergoing Craniosynostosis Surgery.

Background: Surgical repair for craniosynostosis varies depending on the infant's age, location of suture fusion, and approach (e.g., open versus endoscopic).

Speech, Language, and Communication Skills of Adolescents With Craniofacial Microsomia.

Purpose Youth with craniofacial microsomia (CFM) have anomalies and comorbidities that increase their risk for speech, language, and communication deficits. We examined these outcomes in youth with and without CFM and explored differences as a function of CFM phenotype and hearing status. Method Participants included youth ages 11-17 years with CFM ( = 107) and demographically similar controls ( = 306).

Evaluation of prenatal diabetes mellitus and other risk factors for craniofacial microsomia.

Objectives: Craniofacial microsomia (CFM) is a congenital condition that typically involves hypoplasia of the ear and jaw. It is often associated with adverse effects such as hearing loss and sleep-disordered breathing. There is little research on its etiology.

Dynamics of Face and Head Movement in Infants with and without Craniofacial Microsomia: An Automatic Approach.

Background: Craniofacial microsomia (CFM) is a congenital condition associated with malformations of the bone and soft tissue of the face and the facial nerves, all of which have the potential to impair facial expressiveness. We investigated whether CFM-related variation in expressiveness is evident as early as infancy.

Methods: Participants were 113 ethnically diverse 13-month-old infants (n = 63 cases with CFM and n = 50 unaffected matched controls).

Cognitive Outcomes and Positional Plagiocephaly.

Unlabelled: : media-1vid110.1542/5972296741001PEDS-VA_2018-2373 BACKGROUND: Studies have revealed an association between positional plagiocephaly and/or brachycephaly (PPB) and development, although little is known about long-term outcomes. We examined cognition and academic achievement in children with and without PPB, testing the hypothesis that children who had PPB as infants would score lower than controls.

Methods and Challenges in a Cohort Study of Infants and Toddlers With Craniofacial Microsomia: The Clock Study.

Objective: The Craniofacial microsomia: Longitudinal Outcomes in Children pre-Kindergarten (CLOCK) study is a longitudinal cohort study of neurobehavioral outcomes in infants and toddlers with craniofacial microsomia (CFM). In this article, we review the data collection and methods used to characterize this complex condition and describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of the cohort.

Setting: Craniofacial and otolaryngology clinics at 5 study sites.

Infant/toddler motor skills as predictors of cognition and language in children with and without positional skull deformation.

Purpose: To estimate associations between early motor abilities (at two age points, 7 and 18 months on average) and cognitive/language outcomes at age 3. To determine whether these associations are similar for children with and without positional plagiocephaly and/or brachycephaly (PPB).

Methods: The Bayley Scales of Infant/Toddler Development 3 were given at all age points to 235 children with PPB and 167 without PPB.

Automatic Action Unit Detection in Infants Using Convolutional Neural Network.

Action unit detection in infants relative to adults presents unique challenges. Jaw contour is less distinct, facial texture is reduced, and rapid and unusual facial movements are common. To detect facial action units in spontaneous behavior of infants, we propose a multi-label Convolutional Neural Network (CNN).

Neurodevelopment of Infants with and without Craniofacial Microsomia.

Objectives: To determine whether infant cases with craniofacial microsomia (CFM) evidence poorer neurodevelopmental status than demographically similar infants without craniofacial diagnoses ("controls"), and to examine cases' neurodevelopmental outcomes by facial phenotype and hearing status.

Study Design: Multicenter, observational study of 108 cases and 84 controls aged 12-24 months. Participants were assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition and the Preschool Language Scales-Fifth Edition (PLS-5).

Facial Expressiveness in Infants With and Without Craniofacial Microsomia: Preliminary Findings.

Objective: To compare facial expressiveness (FE) of infants with and without craniofacial macrosomia (cases and controls, respectively) and to compare phenotypic variation among cases in relation to FE.

Design: Positive and negative affect was elicited in response to standardized emotion inductions, video recorded, and manually coded from video using the Facial Action Coding System for Infants and Young Children.

Setting: Five craniofacial centers: Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Illinois-Chicago, and University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill.

Behavioral-Social Adjustment of Adolescents with Craniofacial Microsomia.

Objective: The objective was to assess differences in psychosocial adjustment between adolescents with and without craniofacial microsomia (CFM).

Design: This is a case-control follow-up study in adolescents with and without CFM.

Setting: Participants were originally recruited as infants from 26 cities across the United States and Canada.

Head shape at age 36 months among children with and without a history of positional skull deformation.

OBJECTIVE In this study, the authors examined head shape through age 36 months for children with and without a history of positional plagiocephaly and/or brachycephaly (PPB). METHODS Infants with PPB (cases) were identified through a craniofacial clinic at the time of diagnosis. Infants without diagnosed PPB were identified through a participant registry.

Intelligence and Academic Achievement of Adolescents with Craniofacial Microsomia.

Background: The authors compared the IQ and academic achievement of adolescents with craniofacial microsomia (cases) and unaffected children (controls). Among cases, the authors analyzed cognitive functioning by facial phenotype.

Methods: The authors administered standardized tests of intelligence, reading, spelling, writing, and mathematics to 142 cases and 316 controls recruited from 26 cities across the United States and Canada.

Structural brain differences in school-age children with and without single-suture craniosynostosis.

OBJECTIVE Single-suture craniosynostosis (SSC), the premature fusion of a cranial suture, is characterized by dysmorphology of the craniofacial skeleton. Evidence to suggest that children with SSC are at an elevated risk of mild to moderate developmental delays and neurocognitive deficits is mounting, but the associations among premature suture fusion, neuroanatomy, and neurocognition are unexplained. The goals of this study were to determine 1) whether differences in the brain are present in young children with the 2 most common forms of SSC (sagittal and metopic) several years following surgical correction, and 2) whether the pattern of differences varies by affected suture (sagittal or metopic).

Characterizing facial features in individuals with craniofacial microsomia: A systematic approach for clinical research.

Background: Craniofacial microsomia (CFM) is a congenital condition with wide phenotypic variability, including hypoplasia of the mandible and external ear. We assembled a cohort of children with facial features within the CFM spectrum and children without known craniofacial anomalies. We sought to develop a standardized approach to assess and describe the facial characteristics of the study cohort, using multiple sources of information gathered over the course of this longitudinal study and to create case subgroups with shared phenotypic features.

Behavioral Adjustment of School-Age Children with and without Single-Suture Craniosynostosis.

Background: Previous research has observed higher than average rates of behavior problems in school-age children with single-suture craniosynostosis. However, most studies used a single informant (mothers) and did not include comparison groups to control for sociodemographic factors.

Methods: The authors gave standardized behavior checklists to the mothers, fathers, and teachers of 179 elementary school children with single-suture craniosynostosis and 183 controls.

Visuomotor Function in School-Age Children with Single-Suture Craniosynostosis.

Objective: Previous studies have shown that infants and young children with single-suture craniosynostosis (SSC) perform more poorly on tests of visuomotor function than children without SSC. However, previous studies are limited by small sample sizes and little is known about the persistence of visuomotor problems into the school-age years. The aim of this study was to compare visuomotor function in children with and without SSC at the beginning of elementary school.