Reprint of: Impact of outpatient pharmacist dispensing in an opioid use disorder clinic.

Background: Medications for opioid use disorder are effective in reducing opioid deaths, but access can be an issue. Relocating an outpatient pharmacist for weekly buprenorphine dispensing in an outpatient clinic may facilitate coverage for buprenorphine and mitigate access and counseling barriers.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate whether staffing an outpatient resident pharmacist to dispense in the buprenorphine clinic had a positive impact on (1) mean cost per prescription charged to charity care and (2) basic elements of patient satisfaction with the on-site pharmacist.

Nurse judgements of hospitalized patients' safety concerns are affected by patient, nurse and event characteristics: A factorial survey experiment.

Aim: To test the influences of patient, safety event and nurse characteristics on nurse judgements of credibility, importance and intent to report patients' safety concerns.

Design: Factorial survey experiment.

Methods: A total of 240 nurses were recruited and completed an online survey including demographic information and responses to eight factorial vignettes consisting of unique combinations of eight patient and event factors.

Impact of outpatient pharmacist dispensing in an opioid use disorder clinic.

Background: Medications for opioid use disorder are effective in reducing opioid deaths, but access can be an issue. Relocating an outpatient pharmacist for weekly buprenorphine dispensing in an outpatient clinic may facilitate coverage for buprenorphine and mitigate access and counseling barriers.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate whether staffing an outpatient resident pharmacist to dispense in the buprenorphine clinic had a positive impact on (1) mean cost per prescription charged to charity care and (2) basic elements of patient satisfaction with the on-site pharmacist.

Identifying Services Provided in Community Pharmacy Practice Settings.

To better address their patients' needs, community pharmacists are expanding from their traditional role of dispensing to managing medications and providing other care. This study characterized services reported by pharmacists practicing in community pharmacy settings in the 2019 National Pharmacist Workforce Study (NPWS). The 2019 NPWS was conducted via an online survey.

An Exploratory Qualitative Study of Student Pharmacist Perspectives on Leadership.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to (1) explore student pharmacists' knowledge and perceptions of leadership characteristics and behaviors, and (2) identify where students have opportunities to observe and exhibit leadership.

Methods: Data were collected from 32 students participating in a pharmacy leadership elective. Students submitted reflections about leadership definitions, characteristics, observations of leadership, and times when they felt like a leader.

Perspectives of Professionalism, Self-Awareness, Leadership, and Innovation and Entrepreneurship From Experiential Education Preceptors.

Objective: The objectives of this study were to (1) quantify the perceived importance of and comfort with the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education Standard 4 (ACPE-S4) key elements, (2) describe how preceptors promote and assess key elements, and (3) describe preceptor perceptions of student key element skill demonstration.

Methods: This study used a cross-sectional electronic survey to assess experiential education preceptors' perceptions of ACPE-S4 key elements. The survey consisted of 2 item categories, with 5 and 15 items included to collect information on preceptor demographics and ACPE-S4 key elements, respectively.

A Qualitative Exploration of ACPE Standard 4 Key Elements From the Perspective of Student Pharmacists.

Objective: Attitudes and skills reflecting the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education Standard 4 (ACPE-S4) remain an important component of pharmacy education. The objectives of this study were (1) explore student perspectives on the importance of ACPE-S4 key elements, and (2) identify experiences that students described as supporting ACPE-S4 attitude and skill development.

Methods: This was a qualitative study using focus groups and dyadic interviews with student pharmacists to collect data on ACPE-S4 key element importance and skill acquisition.

Integration in mixed-methods studies: existing practices, considerations and recommendations for pharmacy research.

Mixed methods research is increasingly used to investigate complex issues in health and healthcare. Purposeful integration of the qualitative and quantitative strands has a significant potential to yield insights that exceed the value of a study's constituent qualitative and quantitative components alone. The philosophical foundations of mixed methods in pragmatism support the importance of integration as a focus of designing and conducting mixed methods research.

The association between cost sharing, prior authorization, and specialty drug utilization: A systematic review.

Specialty drugs are identified by high monthly costs and complexity of administration. Payers use utilization management strategies, including prior authorization and separate tiers with higher cost sharing, to control spending. These strategies can negatively impact patients' health outcomes through treatment initiation delays, medication abandonment, and nonadherence.

What drives job satisfaction among community pharmacists? An application of relative importance analysis.

Background: Pharmacy employers want to improve pharmacists' job satisfaction, but ratings of job satisfaction are highly subjective, as evaluating job satisfaction involves weighing simultaneously the importance of multiple correlated determinants that are often perceived unequally.

Objectives: To 1) describe the application of relative importance analysis in estimating the predictive ability of correlated determinants of job satisfaction, and to rank the determinants in order of relative importance, and 2) explore how the perceived relative importance of job satisfaction predictors may vary across community pharmacists' age, gender, and work setting categories.

Methods: Data were obtained from the 2019 National Pharmacy Workforce Survey administered to 96,110 licensed U.

Journey Mapping Healthcare Worker Experience With Heart Rhythm Meditation.

Background: Levels of stress and burnout continue to rise amongst healthcare workers. In addition to systemic and institution-level changes to healthcare practice environments, well-being interventions, resources, and support to assist healthcare providers are necessary. Meditation practices like Heart Rhythm Meditation (HRM) may provide benefits to healthcare workers, but healthcare worker experiences with HRM are not well understood.

Hepatitis C screening in a community pharmacy setting: Patient perspective.

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an infection of the liver, which contributes to over 15,000 deaths in the United States annually. When treated, HCV has a 90% or greater cure rate, however testing for HCV remains low.

Objectives: To assess patient perspectives on HCV screenings in the community pharmacy setting including awareness of screening, willingness to be screened, barriers to screening, and willingness to pay for HCV screening.

Barriers to Increasing Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Use: A Multidisciplinary Perspective.

Prescription drug monitoring programs are implemented through individual state policies and are one solution to curb the opioid crisis. The objectives of this study are to: (1) describe the multidisciplinary experiences using this program in practice; (2) identify limitations of the program and the desired features for improvement; and (3) characterize expectations for improved access when prescription drug monitoring programs are embedded in the electronic health record. A qualitative descriptive study design used semistructured interviews of 15 multidisciplinary healthcare providers.

Patient preferences and willingness-to-pay for community pharmacy-led Medicare Part D consultation services: A discrete choice experiment.

Introduction: Community pharmacies currently offer Medicare Part D consultation services, often at no-cost. Despite facilitating plan-switching behavior, identifying potential cost-savings, and increasing medication adherence, patient uptake of these services remains low.

Objectives: To investigate patient preferences for specific service-offering attributes and marginal willingness-to-pay (mWTP) for an enhanced community pharmacy Medicare Part D consultation service.

Medicare Part D plan-selection experience: qualitative findings from a national cross-sectional survey.

Background: A variety of services exit to assist eligible beneficiaries select Medicare Part D insurance plans; however, selecting an optimal plan remains a challenge. While patients would benefit from evaluating and switching their Medicare Part D plan on a yearly basis, few choose to do so.

Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the Medicare Part D plan selection experience across all US states.

Pharmacy Workplace Wellbeing and Resilience: Themes Identified from a Hermeneutic Phenomenological Analysis with Future Recommendations.

This study applied a hermeneutic phenomenological approach to better understand pharmacy workplace wellbeing and resilience using respondents' written comments along with a blend of the researchers' understanding of the phenomenon and the published literature. Our goal was to apply this understanding to recommendations for the pharmacy workforce and corresponding future research. Data were obtained from the 2021 APhA/NASPA National State-Based Pharmacy Workplace Survey, launched in the United States in April 2021.

Ambulatory care pharmacy practice: Findings from the 2019 National Pharmacist Workforce Survey.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the demographics, training, clinical specialties, and practice activities of ambulatory care pharmacists using data from the 2019 National Pharmacist Workforce Study (NPWS).

Summary: The 2019 NPWS was conducted using a 3-contact electronic survey sent to a random sample of 94,803 pharmacists using the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy Foundation e-Profile system. The 2019 NPWS had a response rate of 67.

A qualitative exploration of patient preferences for Medicare Part D consultation services offered in a community pharmacy setting.

Background: Community pharmacies currently offer Medicare Part D consultation services to help eligible beneficiaries select prescription medication insurance. Despite these service offerings, there is a paucity of information on patient preferences for these service offerings and optimal service delivery from the patient perspective.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate patient expectations of and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for community pharmacy Medicare Part D consultation services, (2) identify components of Medicare Part D consultation services associated with service quality, and (3) explore differences in preferences and service expectations between services-experienced and service-naive patients.

Leadership aspiration: An intersectional analysis of racial and gender equity in pharmacy.

Background: The glass ceiling is a metaphor used to describe an invisible barrier that prevents an underrepresented group from rising beyond a certain level. Among pharmacists, underrepresented groups face various barriers and limitations to their successes.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to apply the intersectionality framework to data collected from the 2019 National Pharmacist Workforce Study (NPWS) to understand the association of gender and race with leadership aspiration among pharmacists, including differences in perceived barriers and attractors for pursuing leadership.

Using journey mapping to understand the patient experience with selecting a Medicare part D plan using a pharmacy consultation service.

Background: Patient experience with community pharmacy services can be informed by human-centered design principles and approaches. Pharmacy services may benefit from detailed evaluations of consumer experience and patient-centered service design.

Objectives: To use an online journey mapping platform to understand the patient experience with selecting a Medicare Part D plan for individuals that did, and did not, use a free, pharmacy-led, Medicare Part D consultation service.

Exploring the moderating role of job resources in how job demands influence burnout and professional fulfillment among U.S. pharmacists.

Background: Job stress, burnout, and fulfillment can be modeled using the Job Demands and Resources model (JD-R).

Objective: This study explores the relationship between job demands and burnout and professional fulfillment in pharmacists, and the moderating role of job resources.

Methods: Data were obtained from the 2019 National Pharmacist Workforce Survey of a random sample of U.

Use of the Professional Fulfillment Index in Pharmacists: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis.

Most research on pharmacist professional wellbeing has focused on measuring burnout. However, using valid and reliable instruments to assess professional fulfillment in pharmacists can expand understanding of pharmacists' professional wellbeing. This study aimed to (1) establish the validity of the Professional Fulfillment Index (PFI) for a sample of pharmacists licensed in the United States (US) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and (2) compare the professional wellbeing of pharmacists across demographics and work settings.

Validation of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory in Pharmacists.

Objectives: This study aimed to 1) determine the validity of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) for use in the assessment of burnout in a sample of pharmacists using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and 2) use the CBI items and other measures of work-life to assess burnout in pharmacists employed in various types of practice.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered to a sample of 2,582 pharmacists in a single Midwestern US state. The survey included the three subscales of the CBI, each of which measures personal, work-related, and patient-related dimensions of burnout.

Use of a script concordance test to evaluate the impact of a targeted educational strategy on clinical reasoning in advanced pharmacy practice experiential students.

Background And Purpose: It is unclear how clinical reasoning is impacted by a single advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) and how preceptors can further develop these skills.

Educational Activity And Setting: Students completing an APPE within four sites were invited to participate. To assess clinical reasoning skills, students completed a 30 item script concordance test (SCT) during week 1 and week 5 of a rotation.