Metabolic Patterns of Fentanyl, Meperidine, Methylphenidate, Tapentadol and Tramadol Observed in Urine, Serum or Plasma.

Drug testing is a useful tool to identify drug use or monitor adherence to prescription drugs. The interpretation of drug results can be complicated based on the pattern and proportional concentrations of drugs and/or drug metabolite(s). The purpose of this retrospective study was to detect the positivity rates and metabolic patterns of five prescription drugs, including fentanyl, meperidine, methylphenidate, tapentadol and tramadol.

Determination of ∆-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC, 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC and Cannabidiol in Human Plasma using Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Two marijuana compounds of particular medical interest are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). A gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) method was developed to test for CBD, THC, hydroxy-THC (OH-THC) and carboxy-THC (COOH-THC) in human plasma. Calibrators (THC and OH-THC, 0.

Effect of Carbamazepine 10, 11-Epoxide on Serum Carbamazepine Measurement Using a New CMIA Assay: Comparison of Values Obtained by Using PETINIA, CEDIA and Liquid Chromatography Combined with Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Background: Carbamazepine is a classical anticonvulsant that requires therapeutic drug monitoring. We evaluated the effect of carbamazepine 10, 11 epoxide on a new chemiluminescent immunoassay (CMIA) for application on the Architect i1000SR analyzer.

Materials And Methods: Carbamazepine concentrations were measured in 40 specimens collected from patients taking carbamazepine using a PETINIA assay (Vista 1500 analyzer), a CEDIA assay (Cobas c501 analyzer) and the new CMIA assay (Architect i1000 analyzer).

Quantitation of Ethyl Glucuronide and Ethyl Sulfate in Urine Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

Ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate are minor conjugated metabolites of ethanol that can be detected in urine for several days after last ingestion of ethanol. The monitoring of ethanol use has both clinical and forensic applications and a longer detection window afforded by monitoring these metabolites is obvious. LC-MS/MS is used to analyze diluted urine with deuterated analogs of each analyte as internal standards to ensure accurate quantitation and control for any potential matrix effects.

Quantitation of Carisoprodol and Meprobamate in Urine and Plasma Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

Carisoprodol and meprobamate are centrally acting muscle relaxant/anxiolytic drugs that can exist in a parent-metabolite relationship (carisoprodol → meprobamate) or as a separate pharmaceutical preparation (meprobamate aka Equanil, others). The monitoring of the use of these drugs has both clinical and forensic applications in pain management applications and in overdose situations. LC-MS/MS is used to analyze urine or plasma/serum extracts with deuterated analogs of each analyte as internal standards to ensure accurate quantitation and control for any potential matrix effects.

Quantitation of Haloperidol, Fluphenazine, Perphenazine, and Thiothixene in Serum or Plasma Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

Haloperidol, fluphenazine, perphenazine, and thiothixene are "typical" antipsychotic drugs that are used in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. The monitoring of the use of these drugs has applications in therapeutic drug monitoring and overdose situations. LC-MS/MS is used to analyze plasma/serum extracts with deuterated analog of imipramine as the internal standard to ensure accurate quantitation and control for any potential matrix effects.

Quantitation of Flecainide, Mexiletine, Propafenone, and Amiodarone in Serum or Plasma Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

Flecainide, mexiletine, propafenone, and amiodarone are antiarrhythmic drugs that are used primarily in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. The monitoring of the use of these drugs has applications in therapeutic drug monitoring and overdose situations. LC-MS/MS is used to analyze plasma/serum extracts with loxapine as the internal standard to ensure accurate quantitation and control for any potential matrix effects.

Ethyl Glucuronide Positivity Rate in a Pain Management Population.

Ethanol may be consumed by some patients as a means to manage their pain or psychiatric disorder. Consequently, there is the potential to consider ethanol a co-therapeutic in pain management. The purpose of this study was to perform a retrospective analysis to evaluate the rate of ethanol use in a population of patients in pain management programs that were evaluated by our in-house pain management drug panel test.

Prolonged Acetaminophen-Protein Adduct Elimination During Renal Failure, Lack of Adduct Removal by Hemodiafiltration, and Urinary Adduct Concentrations After Acetaminophen Overdose.

Elevated concentrations of serum acetaminophen-protein adducts, measured as protein-derived acetaminophen-cysteine (APAP-CYS), have been used to support a diagnosis of APAP-induced liver injury when histories and APAP levels are unhelpful. Adducts have been reported to undergo first-order elimination, with a terminal half-life of about 1.6 days.

Assessing orally bioavailable commercial silver nanoparticle product on human cytochrome P450 enzyme activity.

Nanotechnology produces a wide range of medicinal compounds, including nanoparticulate silver, which are increasingly introduced in various forms for consumer use. As with all medicinal compounds, potential drug interactions are an important consideration for ingested silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticulate silver-drug interactions may be mediated through induced oxidative stress in liver tissue where the majority of systemically bioavailable silver nanoparticles is found.

Demystifying analytical approaches for urine drug testing to evaluate medication adherence in chronic pain management.

This comprehensive review of analytical methods used for urine drug testing for the support of pain management describes the methods, their strengths and limitations, and types of analyses used in clinical laboratories today. Specific applications to analysis of opioid levels are addressed. Qualitative versus quantitative testing, immunoassays, chromatographic methods, and spectrometry are discussed.

Plasma and liver acetaminophen-protein adduct levels in mice after acetaminophen treatment: dose-response, mechanisms, and clinical implications.

At therapeutic doses, acetaminophen (APAP) is a safe and effective analgesic. However, overdose of APAP is the principal cause of acute liver failure in the West. Binding of the reactive metabolite of APAP (NAPQI) to proteins is thought to be the initiating event in the mechanism of hepatotoxicity.

Assay method for polymer-controlled antibiotic release from allograft bone to target orthopaedic infections - biomed 2010.

To mitigate and circumvent orthopaedic-associated infection, systematic oral and parenteral antibiotic therapy is often used; however, efficacy is limited due to dosing, systemic side-effects, patient compliance, effective delivery, treatment length, and resistant bacteria. A more effective method may be sustained local drug delivery of antibiotics at the wound site, using delivery vehicles that control release rates. In the case of bone for example, this could be clinically familiar bone graft.

Quantitative confirmation of testosterone and epitestosterone in human urine by LC/Q-ToF mass spectrometry for doping control.

Testosterone (T) is the primary male sex hormone. In addition to the development of secondary sex characteristics, testosterone has anabolic effects including increases in muscle size and strength and increases in lean body mass, making it an attractive candidate to enhance athletic performance. In the case of exogenous administration of testosterone, the ratio of testosterone to its isomer, epitestosterone (E), is elevated.

Detection of bumetanide in an over-the-counter dietary supplement.

Bumetanide is a loop diuretic used clinically to treat heart failure, acute renal failure, high blood pressure, and edema. However, diuretics may also be used by athletes as masking agents and to decrease weight. Taken as masking agents, diuretics increase urine production and decrease urinary concentrations of banned performance-enhancing agents, such as anabolic steroids.

Quantitative analysis of naltrexone and 6beta-naltrexol in human, rat, and rabbit plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with application to the pharmacokinetics of Depotrex in rabbits.

To improve the analysis of naltrexone and its primary metabolite 6beta-naltrexol, a sensitive and specific method for the analysis of subnanogram-per-milliliter concentrations of these analytes in human, rat, and rabbit plasma was developed utilizing liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS). Plasma samples were extracted utilizing a liquid-liquid extraction technique. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an isocratic solvent system consisting of dilute formic acid and methanol pumped through an ODS-AQ HPLC column.

Analysis of a challenging subset of World Anti-Doping Agency-banned steroids and antiestrogens by LC-MS-MS.

A qualitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of 22 sporting federation-banned anabolic agents (or their metabolite markers) and anti-estrogens in urine that are refractory to analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is presented. In addition, a quantitative method built around World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) guidelines for the confirmatory analysis of 19-norandrosterone, the primary metabolite of nandrolone with a WADA-specified minimum required performance limit of 1 ng/mL, is included. Hydrolysis of glucuronide conjugates, liquid-liquid extraction, no clean-up derivatization with Girard's Reagent P, and analysis by quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry provide sensitivity and selectivity well beyond that required by the WADA.

The effect of hair color on the incorporation of codeine into human hair.

The influence of melanin on the binding of xenobiotics in hair will impact the interpretation of drug concentrations determined by hair testing. The purpose of this study was to determine if codeine, as a model compound of abused drugs, would be incorporated into black, brown, blond, or red hair as a function of melanin concentration. Such data would assist in the interpretation of codeine concentrations in hair and help elucidate the potential influence of hair color on incorporation of drugs.

Using a closed-system protective device to reduce personnel exposure to antineoplastic agents.

Surface contamination with and personnel exposure to antineoplastic agents before and after the implementation of a closed-system protective device were studied. Samples were collected before and six months after implementation of PhaSeal, a closed-system device for limiting exposure to antineoplastic agents during preparation and administration. Personnel exposure was evaluated by collecting 24-hour urine samples from pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and nurses working full-time in a chemotherapy drug infusion center and pharmacy.

Ofloxacin as a reference marker in hair of various colors.

It has been proposed that administration of a reliable marker substance to human subjects may enhance the ability to identify drug use and treatment compliance in drug treatment programs. The goal of this study was to determine if an oral dose of the antibiotic ofloxacin (OFLX) could be used as a "marker" substance to establish reference points with respect to time in hair of various colors. Male and female subjects (n = 32) between 18 and 40 years of age received 800 mg of OFLX as a divided oral dose on a single day.

Determination of l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM), norLAAM, and dinorLAAM in clinical and in vitro samples using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry.

l-Alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) is an alternative to methadone for the maintenance treatment of opioid dependence. LAAM has a longer therapeutic half-life than methadone, primarily because it is metabolized to more active metabolites, norLAAM and dinorLAAM. We have developed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method capable of measuring LAAM and its metabolites, norLAAM and dinorLAAM, at lower concentrations with 1.

Quantitative analysis of selegiline and three metabolites (N-desmethylselegiline, methamphetamine, and amphetamine) in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry.

This report describes a sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of subnanogram concentrations of selegiline and its three principle metabolites, N-desmethylselegiline, methamphetamine, and amphetamine, in human plasma. The assay has a dynamic range of 0.1-20 ng/mL for selegiline and N-desmethylselegiline (norselegiline) and 0.

A liquid chromatographic-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric method for determination of buprenorphine, its metabolite, norbuprenorphine, and a coformulant, naloxone, that is suitable for in vivo and in vitro metabolism studies.

A liquid chromatographic-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric method has been developed and validated for determination of the antiabuse medication, buprenorphine, its primary metabolite, norbuprenorphine, and a proposed coformulant, naloxone. The method uses deuterated internal standards and a simple liquid-liquid extraction. Mass spectrometry employed selected reaction monitoring of the transitions of m/z 468 to 396 for buprenorphine, 472 to 400 for [2H4]buprenorphine, 414 to 101 for norbuprenorphine, 423 to 110 for [2H9]norbuprenorphine, 328 to 310 for naloxone, and 345 to 327 for its internal standard, [2H3]naltrexone.