Echoes from Sensory Entrainment in Auditory Working Memory for Pitch.

Ongoing neural oscillations reflect cycles of excitation and inhibition in local neural populations, with individual neurons being more or less likely to fire depending upon the oscillatory phase. As a result, the oscillations could determine whether or not a sound is perceived and/or whether its neural representation enters into later processing stages. While empirical support for this idea has come from sound detection studies, large gaps in knowledge still exist regarding memory for sound events.

Finding tau rhythms in EEG: An independent component analysis approach.

Tau rhythms are largely defined by sound responsive alpha band (~8-13 Hz) oscillations generated largely within auditory areas of the superior temporal gyri. Studies of tau have mostly employed magnetoencephalography or intracranial recording because of tau's elusiveness in the electroencephalogram. Here, we demonstrate that independent component analysis (ICA) decomposition can be an effective way to identify tau sources and study tau source activities in EEG recordings.

Not fully remembered, but not forgotten: interfering sounds worsen but do not eliminate the representation of pitch in working memory.

Recent research has begun measuring auditory working memory with a continuous adjustment task in which listeners adjust attributes of a sound to match a stimulus presented earlier. This approach captures auditory memory's continuous nature better than standard change detection paradigms that collect binary ("same or different") memory measurements. In two experiments, we assessed the impact of different interference stimuli (multitone complexes vs.

Late ERP correlates of confidence for auditory categorization of complex sounds.

Recent research suggests that confidence judgments relate to the quality of early sensory representations and later modality independent processing stages. It is not known whether the nature of this finding might vary based on task and/or stimulus characteristics (e.g.

Auditory short-term memory for pitch loses precision over time.

The impact of retention interval duration on the fidelity of pitch memory was investigated. Listeners heard "target" pure tones, followed by a retention interval (2-8 s), then a response period in which the frequency of a novel sound was adjusted to match their memory of the target. The variability of pitch matches increased with retention interval duration.

Learning to detect auditory signals in noise: Active top-down selection and stable change in signal representations.

Training can improve detection of auditory signals in noise. This learning could potentially occur through active top-down selection mechanisms or stable changes in signal representations. Here, participants were trained and tested (pretest vs.

Effortful listening produces both enhancement and suppression of alpha in the EEG.

Introduction: Adverse listening conditions can drive increased mental effort during listening. Neuromagnetic alpha oscillations (8-13 Hz) may index this , but inconsistencies regarding the direction of the relationship are abundant. We performed source analyses on high-density EEG data collected during a speech-on-speech listening task to address the possibility that opposing alpha power relationships among alpha producing brain sources drive this inconsistency.

Familiarization with meaningless sound patterns facilitates learning to detect those patterns among distracters.

Initially "meaningless" and randomly generated sounds can be learned over exposure. This is demonstrated by studies where repetitions of randomly determined sound patterns are detected better if they are the same sounds presented on previous trials than if they are novel. This experiment posed two novel questions about this learning.

EEG power spectral dynamics associated with listening in adverse conditions.

Adverse listening conditions increase the demand on cognitive resources needed for speech comprehension. In an exploratory study, we aimed to identify independent power spectral features in the EEG useful for studying the cognitive processes involved in this effortful listening. Listeners performed the coordinate response measure task with a single-talker masker at a 0-dB signal-to-noise ratio.

Effects of auditory training on low-pass filtered speech perception and listening-related cognitive load.

Studies supporting learning-induced reductions in listening-related cognitive load have lacked procedural learning controls, making it difficult to determine the extent to which effects arise from perceptual or procedural learning. Here, listeners were trained in the coordinate response measure (CRM) task under unfiltered (UT) or degraded low-pass filtered (FT) conditions. Improvements in low-pass filtered CRM performance were larger for FT.

Auditory detection learning is accompanied by plasticity in the auditory evoked potential.

Auditory detection can improve with practice. These improvements are often assumed to arise from selective attention processes, but longer-term plasticity as a result of training may also play a role. Here, listeners were trained to detect either an 861-Hz or 1058-Hz tone (counterbalanced across participants) presented in noise at SNRs varying from -10 to -24 dB.

Correction: Artificial neural networks reveal individual differences in metacognitive monitoring of memory.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Artificial neural networks reveal individual differences in metacognitive monitoring of memory.

Previous work supports an age-specific impairment for recognition memory of pairs of words and other stimuli. The present study tested the generalization of an associative deficit across word, name, and nonword stimulus types in younger and older adults. Participants completed associative and item memory tests in one of three stimulus conditions and made metacognitive ratings of perceptions of self-efficacy, task success ("postdictions"), strategy success, task effort, difficulty, fatigue, and stamina.

Easy-to-hard effects in perceptual learning depend upon the degree to which initial trials are "easy".

Starting perceptual training at easy levels before progressing to difficult levels generally produces better learning outcomes than constantly difficult training does. However, little is known about how "easy" these initial levels should be in order to yield easy-to-hard effects. We compared five levels of initial training block difficulty varying from very easy to hard in two auditory-discrimination learning tasks-a frequency modulation rate discrimination (Experiment 1) and a frequency range discrimination (Experiment 2).

Pre-stimulus brain state predicts auditory pattern identification accuracy.

Recent studies show that pre-stimulus band-specific power and phase in the electroencephalogram (EEG) can predict accuracy on tasks involving the detection of near-threshold stimuli. However, results in the auditory modality have been mixed, and few works have examined pre-stimulus features when more complex decisions are made (e.g.

Confidence tracks sensory- and decision-related ERP dynamics during auditory detection.

Recent research has focused on measuring neural correlates of metacognitive judgments in decision and post-decision processes during memory retrieval and categorization. However, many tasks (e.g.

Sustained frontal midline theta enhancements during effortful listening track working memory demands.

Recent studies demonstrate that frontal midline theta power (4-8 Hz) enhancements in the electroencephalogram (EEG) relate to effortful listening. It has been proposed that these enhancements reflect working memory demands. Here, the need to retain auditory information in working memory was manipulated in a 2-interval 2-alternative forced-choice delayed pitch discrimination task ("Which interval contained the higher pitch?").

Theta- and alpha-power enhancements in the electroencephalogram as an auditory delayed match-to-sample task becomes impossibly difficult.

Recent studies have related enhancements of theta- (∼4-8 Hz) and alpha-power (∼8-13 Hz) to listening effort based on parallels between enhancement and task difficulty. In contrast, nonauditory works demonstrate that, although increases in difficulty are initially accompanied by increases in effort, effort decreases when a task becomes so difficult as to exceed one's ability. Given the latter, we examined whether theta- and alpha-power enhancements thought to reflect effortful listening show a quadratic trend across levels of listening difficulty from impossible to easy.

Benefits of fading in perceptual learning are driven by more than dimensional attention.

Individuals learn to classify percepts effectively when the task is initially easy and then gradually increases in difficulty. Some suggest that this is because easy-to-discriminate events help learners focus attention on discrimination-relevant dimensions. Here, we tested whether such attentional-spotlighting accounts are sufficient to explain easy-to-hard effects in auditory perceptual learning.

Predicting favorable and unfavorable consequences of perceptual learning: worsening and the peak shift.

Discrimination learning can cause improved and worsened ability to perceive differences. This subsequently affects how stimuli are associated with meanings and behaviors. Here, human listeners were trained with frequency-modulated (FM) tonal sweeps (500-1000 Hz) in a paradigm where one FM rate (8.

Enhanced auditory spatial performance using individualized head-related transfer functions: An event-related potential study.

This study examined event-related potential (ERP) correlates of auditory spatial benefits gained from rendering sounds with individualized head-related transfer functions (HRTFs). Noise bursts with identical virtual elevations (0°-90°) were presented back-to-back in 5-10 burst "runs" in a roving oddball paradigm. Detection of a run's start (i.

Indices of Effortful Listening Can Be Mined from Existing Electroencephalographic Data.

Objectives: Studies suggest that theta (~4 to 7 Hz), alpha (~8 to 12 Hz), and stimulus-evoked dynamics of the electroencephalogram index effortful listening. Numerous auditory event-related potential datasets exist, without thorough examination of these features. The feasibility of mining those datasets for such features is assessed here.

Brain dynamics that correlate with effects of learning on auditory distance perception.

Accuracy in auditory distance perception can improve with practice and varies for sounds differing in familiarity. Here, listeners were trained to judge the distances of English, Bengali, and backwards speech sources pre-recorded at near (2-m) and far (30-m) distances. Listeners' accuracy was tested before and after training.

Frontal midline θ power as an index of listening effort.

Attempts to identify physiological correlates of listening effort have mainly focused on peripheral measures (e.g. pupillometry) and auditory-evoked/event-related potentials.

Learning to discriminate frequency modulation rate can benefit and worsen pitch acuity.

Participants were trained to discriminate frequency modulation rates (FM-rate training) or Gabor patch orientations (visual training) in a same-different task for two different training lengths. Test discriminations involved trains of FM sweeps with identical modulation rates, but different frequencies. FM-rate training enhanced test accuracy (relative to visual) when sweep trains contained frequencies similar to training.