Analysis of macrophages and neutrophils infiltrating murine mammary carcinoma sites within hours of tumor delivery.

Here we used three different murine mammary carcinomas to study the immune environment associated with early tumor sites. While it was not surprising that the early immune response was predominated by macrophages and neutrophils, there were some novel findings at this early stage of disease. For instance, the macrophages and neutrophils expressed a mixed cytokine profile with TNF-α and TGF-β both produced at appreciable levels.