Gastrointestinal germinal center B cell depletion and reduction in IgA plasma cells in HIV-1 infection.

Gastrointestinal (GI) B cells and plasma cells (PCs) are critical to mucosal homeostasis and the host response to HIV-1 infection. Here, high-resolution mapping of human B cells and PCs sampled from the colon and ileum during both viremic and suppressed HIV-1 infection identified a reduction in germinal center (GC) B cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) during HIV-1 viremia. Immunoglobulin A-positive (IgA) PCs are the major cellular output of intestinal GCs and were significantly reduced during viremic HIV-1 infection.

Kidney Blood Flow and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Measurements Associated With Kidney and Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Pediatric Shock.

Importance: Pediatric acute kidney injury (AKI) is a prevalent and morbid complication of shock. Its pathogenesis and early identification remain elusive.

Objectives: We aim to determine whether renal blood flow (RBF) measurements by point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) hormones in pediatric shock associate with vasoactive requirements and AKI.

Exploring spatio-temporal changes in coastal recreational fisheries and potential links to extreme weather events.

Extreme weather events across coastal environments are expected to increase in frequency under predicted climate change scenarios. These events can impact coastal recreational fisheries and their supporting ecosystems by influencing the productivity of fish stocks or altering behaviours and decision-making among fishers. Using off-site telephone/diary survey data on estuarine and oceanic recreational fishing activity in eastern Australia, we analyse interannual and geographic variability in bream (Acanthopagrus spp) and snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) catch, total effort and total catch per unit effort (CPUE) through a period (2013/2014, 2017/2018 and 2019/2020) that encompassed severe drought, bushfires and flooding.

Gastrointestinal germinal center B cell depletion and reduction in IgA plasma cells in HIV-1 infection.

Unlabelled: Gastrointestinal (GI) B cells and plasma cells (PCs) are critical to mucosal homeostasis and the host response to HIV-1 infection. Here, high resolution mapping of human B cells and PCs sampled from the colon and ileum during both viremic and suppressed HIV-1 infection identified a reduction in germinal center (GC) B cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) during HIV-1 viremia. IgA PCs are the major cellular output of intestinal GCs and were significantly reduced during viremic HIV-1 infection.

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue attrition associates with response to anti-α4β7 therapy in ulcerative colitis.

Vedolizumab (VDZ) is a first-line treatment in ulcerative colitis (UC) that targets the α4β7- mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) axis. To determine the mechanisms of action of VDZ, we examined five distinct cohorts of patients with UC. A decrease in naïve B and T cells in the intestines and gut-homing (β7) plasmablasts in circulation of VDZ-treated patients suggested that VDZ targets gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).

Procalcitonin Levels in Identifying Bacterial Infections in Children with and without COVID-19.

Objective: Elevated procalcitonin levels have been associated with bacterial infection in children. Observational studies reported high procalcitonin values in COVID-19. Data on bacterial coinfections in pediatric COVID-19 is sparse; small studies suggest a low coinfection rate.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals Immune Education promotes T cell survival in mice subjected to the cecal ligation and puncture sepsis model.

Background: Individual T cell responses vary significantly based on the microenvironment present at the time of immune response and on prior induced T cell memory. While the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model is the most commonly used murine sepsis model, the contribution of diverse T cell responses has not been explored. We defined T cell subset responses to CLP using single-cell RNA sequencing and examined the effects of prior induced T cell memory (Immune Education) on these responses.

Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in fish and crustaceans of a recreationally fished estuary, following targeted remediation.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) are a suite of harmful chemicals (hereafter collectively referred to as 'dioxins'), and their emission into aquatic habitats leads to persistent contamination of sediments, aquatic food-webs, and seafoods. Quantifying contaminant levels in seafood species is important for the ongoing management of exposure risk by fishers, particularly after any remediation actions. We present dioxin concentrations in four seafood species (Yellowfin Bream Acanthopagrus australis, Sea Mullet Mugil cephalus, Eastern School Prawn Metapenaeus macleayi, and Eastern King Prawn Penaeus plebejus) in a recreationally fished estuary, in relation to a contaminated site that has undergone a remediation process, partially removing contaminated sediments (Homebush Bay, Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia).

Metal concentrations in the edible claw and body muscle of a popular recreational crab species (Scylla serrata).

In crabs, metal concentrations differ among tissues, but may also differ in edible white meat (muscle) in different parts of the body. This case study compared metal contaminants in the claw and body muscle for a popular crab species (Giant Mud Crab, Scylla serrata). For lead and nickel, body muscle concentrations were generally lower than claw concentrations, while the converse was true for arsenic, cadmium and mercury.

Crabs ride the tide: incoming tides promote foraging of Giant Mud Crab (Scylla serrata).

Background: Effective fisheries management of mobile species relies on robust knowledge of animal behaviour and habitat-use. Indices of behaviour can be useful for interpreting catch-per-unit-effort data which acts as a proxy for relative abundance. Information about habitat-use can inform stocking release strategies or the design of marine protected areas.

Scaling of Activity Space in Marine Organisms across Latitudinal Gradients.

AbstractUnifying models have shown that the amount of space used by animals (e.g., activity space, home range) scales allometrically with body mass for terrestrial taxa; however, such relationships are far less clear for marine species.

Esophagogastric Junction Outflow Obstruction and Hiatal Hernia: Is Hernia Repair Alone Sufficient?

Introduction: Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO) is attributed to primary/idiopathic causes or secondary/mechanical causes, including hiatal hernias (HH). While patients with HH and EGJOO (HH+EGJOO) may undergo HH repair without myotomy, it is unclear if an underlying motility disorder is missed by therapy which addresses only the secondary EGJOO cause. The goal of this study was to determine if HH repair alone is sufficient management for HH+EGJOO patients.

Angiotensin II enhances bacterial clearance via myeloid signaling in a murine sepsis model.

Sepsis, defined as organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host-response to infection, is characterized by immunosuppression. The vasopressor norepinephrine is widely used to treat low blood pressure in sepsis but exacerbates immunosuppression. An alternative vasopressor is angiotensin-II, a peptide hormone of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which displays complex immunomodulatory properties that remain unexplored in severe infection.

Esophagectomy vs Gastrectomy for Early Stage Adenocarcinoma of the Gastroesophageal Junction: What is the Optimal Oncologic Surgical Treatment?

Guidelines for the management of gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma recommend esophagectomy as the preferred surgical treatment. Gastrectomy has been proposed as an equivalent procedure. This study aims to compare the oncologic outcomes of these operations.

The cost of treatments for retained traumatic hemothorax: A decision analysis.

Introduction: Early video-assisted thorascopic surgery (VATS) is the recommended intervention for retained hemothorax in trauma patients. Alternative options, such as lytic therapy, to avoid surgery remain controversial. The purpose of this decision analysis was to assess expected costs associated with treatment strategies.