Local and systemic reactogenicity after mRNA and protein-based COVID-19 vaccines compared to meningococcal vaccine (MenACWY) in a UK blinded, randomized phase 2 trial (COV-BOOST).

Reactogenicity, the occurrence of vaccine side effects, can impact vaccine acceptance. There is limited data comparing the reactogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines to other routinely used vaccines, such as the meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenACWY). In a trial of UK adults, participants received a third COVID-19 vaccine dose (NVX-CoV2373, BNT162b2, or mRNA1273) alongside MenACWY as an active control.

Relative effectiveness of homologous NVX-CoV2373 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccinations in South Korea.

To estimate the relative effectiveness of NVX-CoV2373 versus BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 disease during the Omicron variant dominance in South Korea, we conducted a retrospective cohort-study among ≥12-year-olds using the K-COV-N database, which links COVID-19 vaccine registry data with health insurance claims data. The Cox proportional-hazards model and inverse probability of treatment weighting were employed to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs). Among homologous primary-series NVX-CoV2373 versus BNT162b2 recipients at Day 180 post-vaccination, the aHR was 0.

Reactogenicity Differences between Adjuvanted, Protein-Based and Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA)-Based COVID-19 Vaccines.

Participants in studies investigating COVID-19 vaccines commonly report reactogenicity events, and concerns about side effects may lead to a reluctance to receive updated COVID-19 vaccinations. A real-world, post hoc analysis, observational 2019nCoV-406 study was conducted to examine reactogenicity within the first 2 days after vaccination with either a protein-based vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) or an mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273) in individuals who previously completed a primary series. Propensity score adjustments were conducted to address potential confounding.

Burden and Impact of Reactogenicity among Adults Receiving COVID-19 Vaccines in the United States and Canada: Results from a Prospective Observational Study.

As SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge, vaccination remains a critical tool to reduce the COVID-19 burden. Vaccine reactogenicity and the impact on work productivity/daily activities are recognized as contributing factors to vaccine hesitancy. To encourage continued COVID-19 vaccination, a more complete understanding of the differences in reactogenicity and impairment due to vaccine-related side effects across currently available vaccines is necessary.

Going Forward: Potential Impact of Protein-Based COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage on Population Outcomes and Costs in the United States.

Policymakers in the United States (US) recommend coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination with a monovalent 2023-2024 vaccine formulation based on the Omicron XBB.1.5 variant.

Safety of the NVX-CoV2373 COVID-19 vaccine in randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials.

Background: NVX-CoV2373 (Nuvaxovid™ or the Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine, Adjuvanted), the first protein-based COVID-19 vaccine, received emergency use authorization (EUA) as a primary series/booster and is available globally. NVX-CoV2373 primary series demonstrated efficacy rates of 89.7-90.

Impact of adherence to treatment with inhaled corticosteroids/long-acting β-agonists on asthma outcomes in the United States.

Background: Suboptimal adherence to maintenance medication has been associated with poor outcomes in asthma. This study examined single-inhaler inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)/long-acting β2 agonist (LABA) adherence and asthma-related outcomes.

Methods: This retrospective observational study of patients with asthma initiating ICS/LABA used data from IQVIA PharMetrics Plus (1 January 2014-31 March 2019).

Growth in health care data causing an evolution in the pharmaceutical industry.

A health care ecosystem is evolving in which all stakeholders will need to work together, apply new technologies, and use disparate data sources to gain insights, increase efficiencies, and improve patient outcomes. The pharmaceutical industry is leveraging its experience and analytics capabilities to play an important role in this evolution.

Immunogenicity of a quadrivalent Ann Arbor strain live attenuated influenza vaccine delivered using a blow-fill-seal device in adults: a randomized, active-controlled study*.

Background: Influenza B strains from two distinct lineages (Yamagata and Victoria) have cocirculated over recent years. Current seasonal vaccines contain a single B lineage resulting in frequent mismatches between the vaccine strain and the circulating strain. An Ann Arbor strain quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (Q/LAIV) containing B strains from both lineages is being developed to address this issue.

The comparative value of various employer-sponsored influenza vaccination clinics.

Objective: Many US firms offer influenza vaccination clinics to prevent lost productivity due to influenza. Strategies to promote and offer vaccination differ, and the economic value of the strategies is unknown.

Methods: Decision analytic modeling and Monte Carlo probabilistic sensitivity analyses estimated the one-season cost-consequences of three types of influenza clinics (trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine only, vaccine choice [trivalent inactivated influenza or intranasal {live attenuated influenza} vaccine], or vaccine choice plus incentive) in firms of 50 and 250 employees, from the employer's perspective.

Agreement between Internet-based self- and proxy-reported health care resource utilization and administrative health care claims.

Objectives: Although Internet-based surveys are becoming more common, little is known about agreement between administrative claims data and Internet-based survey self- and proxy-reported health care resource utilization (HCRU) data. This analysis evaluated the level of agreement between self- and proxy-reported HCRU data, as recorded through an Internet-based survey, and administrative claims-based HCRU data.

Methods: The Child and Household Influenza-Illness and Employee Function study collected self- and proxy-reported HCRU data monthly between November 2007 and May 2008.

Elementary school-located influenza vaccine programs: key stakeholder experiences from initiation to continuation.

This study examined the initiation and logistics, funding, perceived barriers and benefits, and disruption of school activities by school-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) programs conducted during the 2008-2009 influenza season. Seventy-two interviews using a structured protocol were conducted with 26 teachers, 16 school administrators, and 30 health care professionals from 34 schools in 8 school districts. SLIV programs used a variety of locations, scheduling and staffing options, and methods for receiving parental consent and screening children.

Children's perceptions of influenza illness and preferences for influenza vaccine.

Introduction: In this qualitative study we explored children's perceptions of influenza, preferences for influenza vaccines, and ability to understand "risk" of vaccine adverse effects and different attributes between injectable and intranasal vaccines.

Method: In-person, semi-structured interviews were conducted among 28 U.S.

A survey of children's preferences for influenza vaccine attributes.

Background: While annual influenza vaccination is recommended by the CDC for children 6 months and older, vaccination rates remain suboptimal. For healthy, US children 2 years of age and older, influenza vaccine is available as an intramuscular injection (TIV) or an intranasal spray (LAIV), respectively. Little is known about children's experiences and preferences for influenza vaccine attributes.

Attending work while sick: implication of flexible sick leave policies.

Objective: To examine the impact of various flexible sick leave policies (FSLPs) on workplace attendance of employees with self-reported "severe" influenza-like-illness (ILI) symptoms.

Methods: This is a prospective study of employees from three US employers, which involved collection of information on employees' access to FSLPs and monthly experience with ILI and workplace attendance from November 2007 to April 2008. Multivariate analyses were used to estimate the impact of FSLPs on employees' workplace attendance while they were experiencing severe ILI symptoms.

Parents' decision-making regarding vaccinating their children against influenza: A web-based survey.

Background: Despite the recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that children between the ages of 6 months and 18 years be vaccinated against influenza annually, vaccination rates remain suboptimal.

Objectives: This study was conducted to explore factors that influence parents' decisions regarding influenza vaccination for children aged 2 to 12 years, to quantify the relative importance of these factors, to identify an appropriate theoretical model for illustrating the relationships among these factors, and to characterize parents by their likelihood of vaccinating their children against influenza.

Methods: A quantitative Web-based survey was administered to a sample of parents from an online panel representative of the US population.

Employees' willingness to pay to prevent influenza.

Objectives: To quantify employees' preferences, as measured by willingness to pay, to prevent influenza in themselves and in their child and adult household members and to examine factors associated with willingness to pay.

Study Design: Prospective observational cohort study of a convenience sample of employees from 3 large US employers. Participants had at least 1 child (< or = 17 years) living in their household for at least 4 days per week.

Effect of influenza-like illness and other wintertime respiratory illnesses on worker productivity: The child and household influenza-illness and employee function (CHIEF) study.

Acute respiratory illnesses (ARI), comprising influenza-like illness (ILI) and other wintertime respiratory illnesses (ORI), impose substantial health and economic burdens on the United States. Little is known about the impact of ILI among household members (HHM), particularly children, on employees' productivity. To quantify the impact of employee and HHM-ILI and ARI on employee productivity, a prospective, observational cohort study was conducted among employees from three large US companies.

Strategies for implementing school-located influenza vaccination of children: a systematic literature review.

Background: The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends influenza vaccinations for all children 6 months to 18 years of age, which includes school-aged children. Influenza immunization programs may benefit schools by reducing absenteeism.

Methods: A systematic literature review of PubMed, PsychLit, and Dissertation Abstracts available as of January 7, 2008, was conducted for school-located vaccinations, using search words "School Health Services" and "Immunization Programs"; limited to "Child" (6-12 years) and "Adolescent" (13-18 years) for PubMed and "mass or universal" and (immuniz(*) or immunis(*) or vaccin(*)) and (school or Child or Adolescen(*)) for PsychLit and Dissertation Abstracts.

Improving influenza vaccination rates in the workplace: a randomized trial.

Background: To minimize absenteeism resulting from influenza, employers frequently offer on-site influenza vaccination to employees. Yet the level of uptake of vaccine is low among working adults. This study was designed to increase workplace influenza vaccination rates by offering both a choice of intranasal (LAIV) and injectable (TIV) influenza vaccines to eligible employees, and an incentive for being vaccinated, and by increasing awareness of the vaccine clinic.