INTRA- AND INTER-HOST EVOLUTION OF HUMAN NOROVIRUS IN HEALTHY ADULTS.

Background: Human noroviruses are a leading cause of acute and sporadic gastroenteritis worldwide. The evolution of human noroviruses in immunocompromised persons has been evaluated in many studies. Much less is known about the evolutionary dynamics of human norovirus in healthy adults.

Tryptophan Metabolites And Their Predicted Microbial Sources In Fecal Samples From Healthy Individuals.

Gut microbiota produce tryptophan metabolites (TMs) important to homeostasis. However, measuring TM levels in stool and determining their microbial sources can be difficult. Here, we measured TMs from the indole pathway in fecal samples from 21 healthy adults with the goal to: 1) determine fecal TM concentrations in healthy individuals; 2) link TM levels to bacterial abundance using 16S and whole genome shotgun (WGS) sequencing data; and 3) predict likely bacterial sources of TM production.

Wastewater sequencing reveals community and variant dynamics of the collective human virome.

Wastewater is a discarded human by-product, but its analysis may help us understand the health of populations. Epidemiologists first analyzed wastewater to track outbreaks of poliovirus decades ago, but so-called wastewater-based epidemiology was reinvigorated to monitor SARS-CoV-2 levels while bypassing the difficulties and pit falls of individual testing. Current approaches overlook the activity of most human viruses and preclude a deeper understanding of human virome community dynamics.

Functional Genomics of Gastrointestinal Isolated from Patients with Cancer and Diarrhea.

We describe the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of 29 patients with cancer and diarrhea in whom Enteroaggregative (EAEC) was initially identified by GI BioFire panel multiplex. strains were successfully isolated from fecal cultures in 14 of 29 patients. Six of the 14 strains were identified as EAEC and 8 belonged to other diverse groups of unknown pathogenesis.

Wastewater pandemic preparedness: Toward an end-to-end pathogen monitoring program.

Molecular analysis of public wastewater has great potential as a harbinger for community health and health threats. Long-used to monitor the presence of enteric viruses, in particular polio, recent successes of wastewater as a reliable lead indicator for trends in SARS-CoV-2 levels and hospital admissions has generated optimism and emerging evidence that similar science can be applied to other pathogens of pandemic potential (PPPs), especially respiratory viruses and their variants of concern (VOC). However, there are substantial challenges associated with implementation of this ideal, namely that multiple and distinct fields of inquiry must be bridged and coordinated.

Modeling nonsegmented negative-strand RNA virus (NNSV) transcription with ejective polymerase collisions and biased diffusion.

Infections by non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses (NNSV) are widely thought to entail gradient gene expression from the well-established existence of a single promoter at the 3' end of the viral genome and the assumption of constant transcriptional attenuation between genes. But multiple recent studies show viral mRNA levels in infections by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a major human pathogen and member of NNSV, that are inconsistent with a simple gradient. Here we integrate known and newly predicted phenomena into a biophysically reasonable model of NNSV transcription.

Fully resolved assembly of Cryptosporidium parvum.

Background: Cryptosporidium parvum is an apicomplexan parasite commonly found across many host species with a global infection prevalence in human populations of 7.6%. Understanding its diversity and genomic makeup can help in fighting established infections and prohibiting further transmission.

Metagenomic Information Recovery from Human Stool Samples Is Influenced by Sequencing Depth and Profiling Method.

Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene (16S) has long been a go-to method for microbiome characterization due to its accessibility and lower cost compared to shotgun metagenomic sequencing (SMS). However, 16S sequencing rarely provides species-level resolution and cannot provide direct assessment of other taxa (e.g.

Prospective virome analyses in young children at increased genetic risk for type 1 diabetes.

Viruses are implicated in autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet β cells, which results in insulin deficiency and type 1 diabetes (T1D). Certain enteroviruses can infect β cells in vitro, have been detected in the pancreatic islets of patients with T1D and have shown an association with T1D in meta-analyses. However, establishing consistency in findings across studies has proven difficult.

Green Tea Polyphenols Modify the Gut Microbiome in db/db Mice as Co-Abundance Groups Correlating with the Blood Glucose Lowering Effect.

Scope: The effects of green tea polyphenols, Polyphenon E (PPE), and black tea polyphenols, theaflavins (TFs), on gut microbiota and development of diabetes in db/db mice are investigated and compared.

Methods And Results: Supplementation of PPE (0.1%) in the diet of female db/db mice for 7 weeks decreases fasting blood glucose levels and mesenteric fat while increasing the serum level of insulin, possibly through protection against β-cell damage.

Maximal viral information recovery from sequence data using VirMAP.

Accurate classification of the human virome is critical to a full understanding of the role viruses play in health and disease. This implies the need for sensitive, specific, and practical pipelines that return precise outputs while still enabling case-specific post hoc analysis. Viral taxonomic characterization from metagenomic data suffers from high background noise and signal crosstalk that confounds current methods.

Infection of the Small Intestine Induces Chronic Colitis in Genetically Susceptible Hosts.

The lumen-dwelling protozoan is an important parasitic cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. Infection can persist over extended periods with minimal intestinal inflammation, suggesting that may attenuate host responses to ensure its survival, although clearance eventually occurs in most cases. IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory regulator critical for intestinal homeostasis and controlling host responses to bacterial exposure, yet its potential role in coordinating antiprotozoal host defense in the intestine is not known.

The gut mycobiome of the Human Microbiome Project healthy cohort.

Background: Most studies describing the human gut microbiome in healthy and diseased states have emphasized the bacterial component, but the fungal microbiome (i.e., the mycobiome) is beginning to gain recognition as a fundamental part of our microbiome.

16S gut community of the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort.

Background: Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are major public health concerns worldwide, and their prevalence has only increased in recent years. Mexican Americans are disproportionately afflicted by obesity and T2D, and rates are even higher in the United States-Mexico border region. To determine the factors associated with the increased risk of T2D, obesity, and other diseases in this population, the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort was established in 2004.

Monotonous diets protect against acute colitis in mice: epidemiologic and therapeutic implications.

Objectives: Multiple characteristics of industrialization have been proposed to contribute to the global emergence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs: Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis). Major changes in eating habits during the last decades and the effectiveness of exclusive enteral nutrition in the treatment of Crohn disease indicate the etiologic importance of dietary intake in IBDs. A uniform characteristic of nutrition in developing countries (where the incidence of IBD is low) and exclusive enteral nutrition is their consistent nature for prolonged periods; however, the potentially beneficial effect of dietary monotony in respect to mammalian intestinal inflammation has not been examined.

Maternal micronutrients can modify colonic mucosal microbiota maturation in murine offspring.

Epidemiologic data suggest that early nutritional exposures may inflict persistent changes in the developing mammalian "super-organism" (i.e., the host and its residing microbiota).