History of Cervical Spine Localization: Surface Landmarks.

Interest in the relational anatomy of the anterior neck among spine surgeons increased after the popularization of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion in the 1950s. Five surface landmarks and their relationship to specific spinal levels have been routinely described, comprising the angle of the mandible for the C2-C3 interspace, the hyoid bone for the C3 body, the thyroid cartilage for the C4-C5 disc, and the cricoid cartilage and carotid tubercle for the C6 body. We aimed to investigate the origins of these anatomic relationships and their application in modern practice.

A Novel Instrument Holder to Improve Operative Efficiency in Endoscopic Laryngeal and Airway Surgery.

Objective: Receiving instruments from surgical technicians during endoscopic laryngeal and airway microsurgery (ELAM) has challenges including repeated, expeditious handling of delicate instruments and passing them to the surgeon's hand opposite of where the surgical assistant is standing. Optimizing this interaction may reduce surgical errors and improve operative efficiency.

Methods: A proprietary ELAM instrument holder was attached to both sides of the operating room bed.

Microstructural Measures of the Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus Predict Later Cognitive and Language Development in Infants Born With Extremely Low Birth Weight.

Objective: Extremely preterm children are at high risk for adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Identifying predictors of discrete developmental outcomes early in life would allow for targeted neuroprotective therapies when neuroplasticity is at its peak. Our goal was to examine whether diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) metrics of the inferior longitudinal and uncinate fasciculi early in life could predict later cognitive and language outcomes.