Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration following traumatic brain injuries.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) commonly occur following head trauma. TBI may result in short- and long-term complications which may lead to neurodegenerative consequences, including cognitive impairment post-TBI. When investigating the neurodegeneration following TBI, studies have highlighted the role reactive astrocytes have in the neuroinflammation and degeneration process.

Acceptance of a Future Gonorrhea Vaccine in a Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 World: Impact of Type of Recommendation and Changing Levels of Trust in Health Institutions and Authorities.

Widespread uptake of a future gonorrhea vaccine could decrease the burden of disease and limit the spread of antibiotic resistance. However, gonorrhea vaccination will occur in the backdrop of the roll-out of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine, which could have influenced parental perceptions about other, non-COVID-19 vaccines. In an internet-based cross-sectional survey, 74% of parents would get a gonorrhea vaccine for their child, and this was higher among those whose trust in pharmaceutical companies increased since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Trends in childhood vaccination in Pakistan and associated factors; 2006-2018.

Introduction: Pakistan still has ongoing transmission of wild type polio virus. This study aims to determine changes in full vaccination with recommended Expanded Program on Immunization vaccines, including polio, by several socio-economic and demographic factors.

Methods: We used three waves of Pakistan's Demographic and Health Survey, a population-based cross-sectional study from 2006-07 (N = 1471), 2012-13 (N = 1706), and 2017-18 (N = 1549), analyzed by residence, wealth, and sociodemographic factors.

Mapping the Cognitive Biases Related to Vaccination: A Scoping Review of the Literature.

Introduction: Human behavior and understanding of the vaccine ecosystem play a critical role in the vaccination decision-making process. The objective of this study was to understand different cognitive biases that may lead to vaccine acceptance or hesitancy.

Methods: The eligibility criteria for this scoping review was vaccination-related cognitive bias studies published in the English language from inception to April 2022 and available on PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar.

Maternally transmitted anti-measles antibodies, and susceptibility to disease among infants in Chandigarh, India: A prospective birth cohort study.

Prior to the age of measles vaccination, infants are believed to be protected against measles by passively transferred maternal antibodies. However, the quantity and quality of such protection have not been well established in the Indian setting. We undertook this study to characterize the transfer and decline in maternal anti-measles antibodies among infants, and determine their susceptibility to measles.

Vaccination inequities among children 12-23 months in India: An analysis of inter-state differences.

Background: Previous research has shown that socioeconomic and demographic risk factors in children are additive and lead to increasingly negative impacts on vaccination coverage. The goal of this study is to examine if different combinations of four risk factors (infant sex, birth order, maternal education level, and family wealth status) vary by state among children 12-23 months in India and to determine the impact of ≥ 1 risk factor on differences in state vaccination rates.

Methods: Using data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) conducted in India between 2005 and 2006 (NFHS-3) and 2015-2016 (NFHS-4), full vaccination of children 12-23 months was examined.

A comparative analysis of the CP and CG using 2D and 3D visualisation approaches.

Investigations on the structural variations in the cribriform plate (CP), olfactory foramina and the Crista Galli showcase the benefits of using 3D imaging on smaller structures. These techniques reveal accurate details about bone morphology and density. Comparing different techniques, this project aims to examine the correlation between the CP, olfactory foramina, and Crista Galli.

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among non-refugees and refugees in Kenya.

Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy (which we define as refusal to be vaccinated when asked, resulting in delayed or non- vaccination) are poorly studied in sub-Saharan Africa and among refugees, particularly in Kenya. Using survey data from wave five (March to June 2021) of the Kenya Rapid Response Phone Survey (RRPS), a household survey representative of the population of Kenya, we estimated the self-reported rates and factors associated with vaccine hesitancy among non-refugees and refugees in Kenya. Non-refugee households were recruited through sampling of the 2015/16 Kenya Household Budget Survey and random digit dialing.

COVID-19 vaccination refusal trends in Kenya over 2021.

Background: Vaccination refusal exacerbates global COVID-19 vaccination inequities. No studies in East Africa have examined temporal trends in vaccination refusal, precluding addressing refusal. We assessed vaccine refusal over time in Kenya, and characterized factors associated with changes in vaccination refusal.

Measles seroprevalence in persons over one year of age in Chandigarh, India.

Measles continues to result in focal outbreaks in India, despite over three decades of universal infant vaccination. The aims of this study were to examine measles immunity in the population of Chandigarh, India, and to compare immunity by vaccination vs. natural infection.

Measles Vaccination Immunogenicity and Association with Caste in Chandigarh, India.

Measles affects those of lower socioeconomic status disproportionately. This study evaluated the impact of measles vaccination on antibody titers 3 months after vaccination across different socioeconomic groups, with a focus on caste. In total, 169 infants in Chandigarh, India, had serum samples collected immediately prior to vaccination at 9 months of age and 3 months later.

Vaccine Hesitancy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Latent Class Analysis of Middle-Aged and Older US Adults.

It is important to distinguish between apprehensions that lead to vaccine rejection and those that do not. In this study, we (1) identifed latent classes of individuals by vaccination attitudes, and (2) compared classes of individuals by sociodemographic characteristics COVID-19 vaccination, and risk reduction behaviors. The COVID-19 Coping Study is a longitudinal cohort of US adults aged ≥ 55 years (n = 2358).

Effect of the framing of HPV vaccination on parents' willingness to accept an HPV vaccine.

In China, HPV vaccines are not mandatory and have low uptake. In light of the U.S.

Childhood vaccination timeliness following maternal migration to an informal urban settlement in Kenya.

Introduction: Timely receipt of recommended vaccines is a proven strategy to reduce preventable under-five deaths. Kenya has experienced impressive declines in child mortality from 111 to 43 deaths per 1000 live births between 1980 and 2019. However, considerable inequities in timely vaccination remain, which unnecessarily increases risk for serious illness and death.

Analysis of reasons for loss to follow up in a prospective study in Chandigarh, India and impact from telecom changes.

Objective: Mobile phones are used in research studies, to enroll and follow-up participants, collect data, and implement mHealth initiatives. We conducted a longitudinal study in a birth cohort, where infants were required to make four scheduled visits by 12 months of age. Families of those failing to attend scheduled follow-up visits, were contacted telephonically to ascertain the reasons, which were categorized as: not interested to continue participating, migrated, phone disconnected due to telecom change, or other reason.

Vaccine coverage, timeliness and delay estimated from regional and national cross-sectional surveys in Ethiopia, 2016.

Introduction: measures of vaccine timing require data on vaccination dates, which may be unavailable. This study compares estimates of vaccine coverage and timing; and compares regression techniques that model these measures in the presence of incomplete data.

Methods: this cross-sectional study used the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), and a 2016 survey from Worabe, Ethiopia.

Immunization status of children in Nepal and associated factors, 2016.

Background: Nepal has made substantial improvements in childhood immunization uptake. However, vaccination levels are still below the country-specific Sustainable Development Goal target of 94.8% coverage by 2025 for children aged 12-23 months who received all immunizations recommended in the national immunization schedule by their first birthday.

COVID-19 vaccine coverage, concerns, and preferences among Chinese ICU clinicians: a nationwide online survey.

Background: Clinicians in intensive care units (ICUs) have been prioritized for COVID-19 vaccination. We aim to understand the reasons behind vaccination refusal, and assess preferences for COVID-19 vaccines among Chinese ICU clinicians.

Research Design And Methods: ICU clinicians throughout China's mainland were contacted to participate in an online survey.

New Vaccine Introduction and Childhood Vaccination Timeliness in Two Urban, Informal Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya.

New vaccine introduction accompanied by social mobilization activities could contribute to improved routine immunization timeliness. This study assesses the impact of Kenya's introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) on the timeliness of routine childhood vaccination in two informal, urban settlements in Nairobi. Data collected from 2007 to 2015 as part of a demographic surveillance system were used to estimate annual vaccination delays of ≥ 4 weeks among children aged 12-23 months in the period before and after the introduction of PCV in Kenya.

Effect of vaccine effectiveness and safety on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Detroit, Michigan, July 2020.

This study examined whether future COVID-19 vaccine acceptance differed based on an experimental manipulation of the vaccine safety and effectiveness profile. Data come from the Detroit Metro Area Community Study, a population-based study conducted July 15-20, 2020. Participants were asked whether they would get a new COVID-19 vaccine after being randomly assigned information about the vaccine's effectiveness (50% or 95%) and chance of fever (5% or 20%).

The influence of maternal migration on child vaccination in Kenya: An inverse probability of treatment-weighted analysis.

Objectives: Kenya has substantially improved child mortality between 1990 and 2019, with under-5 mortality decreasing from 104 to 43 deaths per 1000 live births. However, only two-thirds of Kenyan children receive all recommended vaccines by 1 year, making it essential to identify undervaccinated subpopulations. Internal migrants are a potentially vulnerable group at risk of decreased access to healthcare.

A Bayesian Mixture Model for Predicting the COVID-19 Related Mortality in the United States.

An outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has led to a global pandemic affecting virtually every country. As of August 31, 2020, globally, there have been approximately 25,500,000 confirmed cases and 850,000 deaths; in the United States (50 states plus District of Columbia), there have been more than 6,000,000 confirmed cases and 183,000 deaths. We propose a Bayesian mixture model to predict and monitor COVID-19 mortality across the United States.

Demographics of Vaccine Hesitancy in Chandigarh, India.

The impact of vaccine hesitancy on childhood immunization in low- and middle-income countries remains largely uncharacterized. This study describes the sociodemographic patterns of vaccine hesitancy in Chandigarh, India. Mothers of children <5 years old were sampled from a two-stage cluster, systematic sample based on Anganwadi child care centers in Chandigarh.