When Can we Feed after a Gastrointestinal Bleed?

Purpose Of Review: Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding can carry minimal or significant risk for recurrent hemorrhage. Timing of feeding after GI bleeding remains an area of debate, and here we review the evidence supporting recommendations.

Recent Findings: Improved understanding of the pathophysiology of GI bleeding and the evolution of treatment strategies has significantly altered the management of GI bleeding and the associated propensity for rebleeding.

Optimizing the nutrition support care model: Analysis of survey data.

Background: Malnutrition is underrecognized and underdiagnosed, despite high prevalence rates and associated poor clinical outcomes. The involvement of clinical nutrition experts, especially physicians, in the care of high-risk patients with malnutrition remains low despite evidence demonstrating lower complication rates with nutrition support team (NST) management. To facilitate solutions, a survey was designed to elucidate the nature of NSTs and physician involvement and identify needs for novel nutrition support care models.

Ketogenic Diet: from the Historical Records to Use in Elite Athletes.

Purpose Of Review: To review the available literature/evidence on low carbohydrate/high fat (LCHF) and low carbohydrate ketogenic (LCKD) diets' effects on human athletic performance and to provide a brief review of the physiology and history of energy systems of exercise.

Recent Findings: Multiple studies have been conducted in an attempt to answer this question, many within the last 3-5 years. Studies are heterogenous in design, intervention, and outcome measures.

Mechanisms of liver disease in patients infected with HIV.

Objective: To describe the various mechanisms of liver disease in patients with HIV infection, and to link these mechanisms to disease states which may utilise them.

Background: Non-AIDS causes of morbidity and mortality are becoming increasingly common in patients chronically infected with HIV. In particular, liver-related diseases have risen to become one of the leading causes of non-AIDS-related death.

Hyperbilirubinaemia in HIV-HCV co-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy: drug effect or liver disease severity?

Objective: Hyperbilirubinaemia (HB) is common in HIV and hepatitis C virus (HIV-HCV) co-infected patients and poses a unique challenge in management as it may be due to medications such as the protease inhibitors (PIs) or to hepatic dysfunction. There are no data on the relationship of HB to liver histology and PI use in this population. Clinicians caring for these patients are faced with the difficult task of determining whether increasing serum bilirubin is due to drug effects or progression of liver disease.