Is a priming dose of insulin necessary in a low-dose insulin protocol for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis?

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of an insulin priming dose with a continuous insulin infusion versus two continuous infusions without a priming dose.

Research Design And Methods: This prospective randomized protocol used three insulin therapy methods: 1) load group using a priming dose of 0.07 units of regular insulin per kg body weight followed by a dose of 0.

Effects of weaning and weaning weight on neuroendocrine regulators of feed intake in pigs.

A depression in feed intake and growth often occurs in the weaned pig. Spray-dried plasma is often added to nursery diets in an attempt to stimulate feed intake during this lag. The current study evaluated gene expression of appetite regulators in hypothalamus and adipose tissue 4 d after weaning.

Proximal occlusion of hydrosalpinx by hysteroscopic placement of microinsert before in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer.

Objective: To describe proximal occlusion of a hydrosalpinx by hysteroscopic placement of a microinsert before IVF-ET.

Design: Case report.

Setting: Health maintenance organization and tertiary-care assisted reproductive technology unit.

Orexin-B modulates luteinizing hormone and growth hormone secretion from porcine pituitary cells in culture.

To test the hypothesis that orexin-B acts directly on the anterior pituitary to regulate LH and growth hormone (GH) secretion, anterior pituitary cells from prepuberal gilts were studied in primary culture. On day 4 of culture, 10(5) cells/well were challenged with 0.1, 10 or 1000 nM GnRH; 10, 100 or 1000 nM [Ala15]-hGRF-(1-29)NH2 or 0.

Effect of recombinant porcine somatotropin on fetal and placental growth in gilts with reduced uterine capacity.

Crowded uterine conditions were induced by unilateral hysterectomy-ovariectomy (UHO) in 42 gilts to determine the effect of recombinant porcine somatotropin on fetal and placental growth. Gilts were randomly assigned across three replicates to one of three treatments: Control (C; n = 14), daily injections of 1 mL saline from d 0 to 64 of gestation, Early (E; n = 12), 5 mg of rpST/d from d 0 to 30, followed by 1 mL saline from d 31 to 64, and Late (L; n = 16), 1 mL saline/d from d 0 to 29, followed by 5 mg of rpST/d from d 30 to 64 of gestation. Blood was collected from each gilt via jugular venipuncture at d 0 and every 15 d thereafter.

Partial nucleotide sequence of the porcine corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) cDNA and specification of CBG expression sites in postnatal pigs.

The purpose of this study was to develop a porcine CBG cDNA probe in order to examine the porcine CBG mRNA expression in major tissues from the postnatal pig. The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted to develop the porcine CBG cDNA probe using total RNA extracted from liver of 40-day-old pig. The RT-PCR product was subcloned into the pGEM vector (Promega, Madison, WI) and subjected to restriction enzyme treatments and DNA sequencing.

Effect of spray-dried plasma and lipopolysaccharide exposure on weaned pigs: II. Effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of weaned pigs.

A study was conducted with 20 weaned barrows (14 d, 4.98 +/- 0.21 kg) to determine the effect of feeding spray-dried plasma (SDP) after weaning on the pig's stress response to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge.

Effect of spray-dried plasma and lipopolysaccharide exposure on weaned pigs: I. Effects on the immune axis of weaned pigs.

A study was conducted with 20 weaned barrows (14 d, 4.98 +/- .21 kg) to determine the effect of spray-dried plasma (SDP) on the pig's immune response to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge.

Degradation of maternal cdc25c during the maternal to zygotic transition is dependent upon embryonic transcription.

To gain a better understanding of the molecular differences that may contribute to cleavage arrest and the poorer development associated with laboratory produced embryos, a series of experiments were conducted to quantitate the message levels of the cell cycle controller cdc25c, over the maternal to zygotic transition (MZT) in 4-cell in vivo- and in vitro-derived porcine embryos. The experiments were designed to measure both maternal and embryonic derived cdc25c transcripts by quantitative reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction (RT-cPCR), determine the point of the transition to zygotic genome activation, and study the interaction between initial embryonic transcription and maternal cdc25c degradation. Analysis of in vivo- and in vitro-derived embryos revealed no difference in cdc25c message level for any of the times P4CC (P > 0.

Expression of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein 1 and 2 genes in in vivo, in vitro and parthenogenetically derived preimplantation pig embryos.

The objective of this study was to determine whether porcine PAG (poPAG) genes are expressed in embryos as they develop from the 1-cell stage to expanded blastocysts, and whether expression differed according to how embryos had been derived. Embryos at various preimplantation stages were assayed after in vivo fertilisation, after in vitro fertilisation of in vitro-matured oocytes, or following parthenogenetic activation of in vitro-matured oocytes. The presence of PAG transcripts was determined at the 1-, 2-, and 4-cell, compact morula and blastocyst stages by reverse transcription-PCR procedures with PAG 1- and PAG 2-specific primers, followed by Southern blotting.

Effect of intracerebroventricular orexin-B on food intake in sheep.

Orexin is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that regulates feeding behavior in rats. Orexin-B has recently been cloned in pigs and was shown to stimulate food intake after intramuscular injection. This study was designed to determine whether intracerebroventricular (ICV) and intravenous injections of orexin could regulate appetite in sheep.

Impact of environmental temperature on response of neonatal pigs to an endotoxin challenge.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of various environmental temperatures (ET) on the ability of neonatal pigs to cope with an endotoxin challenge.

Animals: 28 crossbred male pigs that were 24 hours old.

Procedure: At 24 hours of age, pigs were placed in environmentally controlled chambers maintained at 18 or 34 C (14 pigs/ET).

Effects of weaning on somatotrophic gene expression and circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-2 in pigs.

The present study evaluated somatotrophic gene expression in liver, muscle and adipose tissue 4 d after weaning, a time point corresponding to greatly reduced serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and IGF-2 in pigs. Two-week-old barrows were either cross-fostered to a sow (SOW, n = 8) or weaned and fed a phase 1 diet containing either 0 or 7% spray-dried plasma (NP, n = 8 and SDP, n = 8; respectively). Piglets were allocated such that two size groups were equivalently represented in each experimental group (small, 3.

Administration of ACTH to restrained, pregnant sows alters their pigs' hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.

This study was designed to examine the physiology and behavior of pigs whose dams were snared and then injected with ACTH during gestation. Administration of ACTH to dams during pregnancy has been shown to replicate the effects of prenatal stress in other species. Control sows (n = 8) were given no treatment, whereas the treatment sows (ACTH, n = 8) were immobilized by snaring the snout and then administered an i.

Long form leptin receptor mRNA expression in the brain, pituitary, and other tissues in the pig.

Much effort has focused recently on understanding the role of leptin, the obese gene product secreted by adipocytes, in regulating growth and reproduction in rodents, humans and domestic animals. We previously demonstrated that leptin inhibited feed intake and stimulated growth hormone (GH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in the pig. This study was conducted to determine the location of long form leptin receptor (Ob-Rl) mRNA in various tissues of the pig.

Postnatal function of the somatotrophic axis in pigs born naturally or by Caesarian section.

This study was designed to determine what effects the birth process would have on development of the somatotrophic axis in neonatal pigs. Eight crossbred sows were selected (n = 4 natural birth and n = 4 Caesarian section) for the present study. Blood and tissue samples from 38 pigs were collected at birth.

Transcriptional regulation of pituitary synthesis and secretion of growth hormone in growing wethers and the influence of zeranol on these mechanisms.

This experiment evaluated relationships between pituitary messenger RNA levels of the transcription factor Pit-1, the growth hormone releasing-hormone receptor (GHRHR), and synthesis and secretion of GH in growing wethers. The experiment also evaluated the influence of the estrogenic compound, zeranol, on these relationships. Seventy wethers that were 9.

Non-surgical catheterization of the jugular vein in young pigs.

Current methods utilized for serial blood collection in the young pig are limited due to the stress and/or discomfort to which the pig is exposed. Thus, we have developed a non-surgical, minimally invasive cannulation technique which allows jugular vein catheter placement in the young pig without causing extended discomfort or stress. The procedure described is rapid (approximately 8 min/pig) and relatively simple, requiring only minimal anaesthesia for immobilization of the pig during the procedure.

Expression of two variants of growth hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in porcine liver.

Transcription of GH receptor (GHR) mRNA is initiated from multiple promoters. Most GHR mRNA arise from GHR Promoter 1 (GHR P1) and GHR P2, which transcribe GHR 1A and GHR 1B mRNA, respectively. Our objective was to characterize the expression of GHR 1A and GHR 1B mRNA in liver of neonatal intact (1 d of age) and castrated (14, 28, and 42 d of age) male pigs (Exp.

Few differences found between early- and late-weaned pigs raised in the same environment.

Segregation and medicated early weaning are technologies used to optimize the productivity and health of pigs, but these practices may also cause aberrant behaviors indicative of stress. Thus, differences in early- (=10 d of age) and late- (=30 d of age) weaned pigs were investigated. At weaning, pigs were housed in groups of four in 16 pens (eight pens per treatment) in the same facility, and, thus, they were not segregated.

Cyclin B1 transcript quantitation over the maternal to zygotic transition in both in vivo- and in vitro-derived 4-cell porcine embryos.

Using reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction (RT-cPCR), the quantity of cyclin B1 transcript present over the maternal to zygotic transition was determined for both in vivo- and in vitro-derived 4-cell porcine embryos. After poly(A) RNA isolation, RT-cPCR was performed on single embryos using an introduced, truncated cyclin B1 DNA competitor. Visualization of embryonic cyclin B1 cDNA and competitor for each reaction allowed a ratio to be formed for use in transcript quantity calculations when compared to cPCR standards.

Cloning of porcine prepro-orexin cDNA and effects of an intramuscular injection of synthetic porcine orexin-B on feed intake in young pigs.

Early growth is an important determinant of gain and efficiency in growing pigs. A major limiting factor of piglet growth is feed intake. Orexins, newly discovered neuropeptides, may be important regulators of appetite.

Birth by caesarian section alters postnatal function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in young pigs.

Eight crossbred sows were selected for the present study (n = 4 vaginal delivery and n = 4 Caesarian section [C-section]). Gestation length did not differ between vaginal delivery and C-section pigs (113.6 +/- .