The photopic negative response (PhNR): measurement approaches and utility in glaucoma.

Purpose: Visual electrophysiological testing continues to generate interest among glaucoma experts because of its potential help in clarifying disease pathophysiology and promoting early detection of glaucomatous damage. The photopic negative response (PhNR) is a slow negative component of the full-field electroretinogram that has been shown to provide specific information about retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) activity. The purpose of this article is to review the literature to explore the currently available measurement methods and the utility of PhNR in glaucoma diagnostic process.

Fabry disease due to G171S mutation: An atypical small nerve fiber sparing variant?

Introduction: To describe the ocular manifestations and in vivo confocal microscopic findings in a patient carrying the recently described hemizygous G171S gene mutation.

Case Description: A 63-year-old Albanian male patient was evaluated for cataract surgery. Anamnesis showed pacemaker implantation in left ventricular hypertrophy, chronic kidney disease, family history for kidney transplantation, and late onset of sporadic acroparesthesias.

Ultrasonics in endodontic surgery: a review of the literature.

Currently, although ultrasonics (US) is used in dentistry for therapeutic and diagnostic applications as well as for cleaning of instruments before sterilization, its main use is for scaling and root planing of teeth and in root canal therapy, both for orthograde and retrograde therapy. Both in conventional and surgical treatments, US in endodontics has enhanced quality of clinical procedures and represents an important adjunct in the treatment of difficult cases. More precisely it has become increasingly more useful in applications such as gaining access to canal openings, cleaning and shaping, obturation of root canals, removal of intracanal materials and obstructions, and endodontic surgery.