Allele-specific collateral and fitness effects determine the dynamics of fluoroquinolone resistance evolution.

Collateral sensitivity (CS), which arises when resistance to one antibiotic increases sensitivity toward other antibiotics, offers treatment opportunities to constrain or reverse the evolution of antibiotic resistance. The applicability of CS-informed treatments remains uncertain, in part because we lack an understanding of the generality of CS effects for different resistance mutations, singly or in combination. Here, we address this issue in the gram-positive pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae by measuring collateral and fitness effects of clinically relevant gyrA and parC alleles and their combinations that confer resistance to fluoroquinolones.

Performance of Legiolert Test vs. ISO 11731 to Confirm Contamination in Potable Water Samples.

Detection and enumeration of in water samples is of great importance for risk assessment analysis. The plate culture method is the gold standard, but has received several well-known criticisms, which have induced researchers to develop alternative methods. The purpose of this study was to compare counts obtained by the analysis of potable water samples through the plate culture method and through the IDEXX liquid culture Legiolert method.