Who is the "She" in the Pandemic "She-Cession"? Variation in COVID-19 Labor Market Outcomes by Gender and Family Status.

The sharp decline in employment after the COVID-19 lockdown was not uniformly felt across demographic groups. Utilizing the 2017 to 2020 monthly Current Population Survey and using a difference-in-difference design, we investigate the varying impacts of COVID-19 on at-work status among the prime-working-age population, accounting for typical seasonal fluctuations in employment. The target population is grouped by gender, marital status, parenthood, and level of education.

Biases in open-path carbon dioxide flux measurements: Roles of instrument surface heat exchange and analyzer temperature sensitivity.

Eddy covariance (EC) measurements of ecosystem-atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO) exchange provide the most direct assessment of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Measurement biases for open-path (OP) CO concentration and flux measurements have been reported for over 30 years, but their origin and appropriate correction approach remain unresolved. Here, we quantify the impacts of OP biases on carbon and radiative forcing budgets for a sub-boreal wetland.

Error characterization of methane fluxes and budgets derived from a long-term comparison of open- and closed-path eddy covariance systems.

Wetlands represent the dominant natural source of methane (CH) to the atmosphere. Thus, substantial effort has been spent examining the CH budgets of global wetlands continuous ecosystem-scale measurements using the eddy covariance (EC) technique. Robust error characterization for such measurements, however, remains a major challenge.

Quantifying nitrous oxide fluxes on multiple spatial scales in the Upper Midwest, USA.

This study seeks to quantify the roles of soybean and corn plants and the cropland ecosystem in the regional N2O budget of the Upper Midwest, USA. The N2O flux was measured at three scales (plant, the soil-plant ecosystem, and region) using newly designed steady-state flow-through plant chambers, a flux-gradient micrometeorological tower, and continuous tall-tower observatories. Results indicate that the following.

The influence of plants on atmospheric methane in an agriculture-dominated landscape.

The primary objective of this study was to clarify the influence of crop plants on atmospheric methane (CH4) in an agriculture-dominated landscape in the Upper Midwest of the United States. Measurements were carried out at two contrasting scales. At the plant scale, CH4 fluxes from soybean and corn plants were measured with a laser-based plant chamber system.

An organized medullary epithelial structure in the normal thymus expresses molecules of respiratory epithelium and resembles the epithelial thymic rudiment of nude mice.

The expression of tissue-specific Ags (TSA) within the thymic environment has emerged as an important contribution to the establishment of self-tolerance. The mechanistic basis for this property is poorly understood. One model has proposed stochastic derepression of gene expression by mature medullary epithelial cells, whereas another model has suggested that this property of thymic epithelial cells reflects transcriptional activity during their differentiation.

Organization of thymic medullary epithelial heterogeneity: implications for mechanisms of epithelial differentiation.

There are accumulating data to show that thymic epithelium expresses a remarkable array of molecules previously considered to be tissue-specific antigens, such as parathyroid hormone, thyroglobulin, insulin, and C-reactive protein. From an immunological perspective, this property of thymic epithelium would provide an ideal mechanism to effect central tolerance of epithelial-restricted antigens. However, from a mechanistic perspective, this phenomenon remains mysterious.