Vaccine hesitancy as indecision: Creation and evaluation of the Unidimensional Vaccine Hesitancy Scale.

Background: Several authors have argued that vaccine hesitancy should be conceptualized as indecision in the vaccination decision-making process, but no established measure with support for its psychometric properties and validity has been created from this operational definition.

Aims: To resolve this tension, this article undergoes a four-study scale development process to create the 4-item Unidimensional Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (UVHS).

Materials And Methods: We conduct four survey studies utilizing a total sample size of 884.

The Importance of Context-Relevance: Entrepreneurial Personality Relates to Entrepreneurial Outcomes Beyond the HEXACO and Dark Triad.

Entrepreneurial Personality (EP) is a collection of traits that causes someone to be entrepreneurial, including both an attraction to and success in entrepreneurial activities. Although EP and its inclusion criteria is defined by its relevance to entrepreneurship, research has yet to support that it relates to entrepreneurial outcomes more strongly than extant frameworks of personality, causing uncertainty regarding its theoretical rationale and conceptual foundation. Applying the bandwidth-fidelity dilemma as our theoretical lens, the current article reports two studies to test whether EP relates to entrepreneurial outcomes beyond the HEXACO and Dark Triad dimensions.

Role of the exercise professional in metabolic and bariatric surgery.

Background: Physical activity (PA) is important for the long-term health and weight management of patients who undergo metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS). However, the roles of exercise professionals in MBS settings have not been systematically determined.

Objectives: To investigate: (1) who are the professionals implementing PA programming in MBS clinical settings; and (2) what patient-centric tasks do they perform?

Setting: Clinical and academic exercise settings worldwide.

Gender and vaccination: understanding the multifaceted role of a multidimensional conceptualization of vaccine hesitancy.

Popular press and academic articles alike speculate that gender influences vaccine receipt, but they often disagree whether men or women are less likely to become vaccinated. In the current article, we further test the relation of gender and vaccination in four datasets, and we assess the mediating role of vaccine hesitancy dimensions. Our results demonstrate that: (1) gender has significant relations with several vaccine hesitancy dimensions, which are mixed between both women and men having negative perceptions regarding vaccination; (2) gender does not significantly relate to flu and COVID-19 vaccination willingness or receipt, but women were more likely to receive other vaccines; and (3) a significant indirect effect did emerge in the two datasets collected after widespread access to the COVID-19 vaccine, such that the perception that vaccines cause health risks mediates the relation of gender with flu vaccination willingness as well as COVID-19 vaccination willingness and receipt.

Reinvestigating the Perceptions of Annual Skin Cancer Screening Scale: a suitable measure for older adults.

Objectives: The Perceptions of Annual Skin Cancer Screening Scale (PASCSS) explains significant variance in whether people undergo annual clinical skin cancer screening beyond other relevant predictors. When developing the PASCSS, the author only tested its psychometric properties and validity with participants representative of the general USA population, despite the particular relevance of annual clinical skin cancer screenings to at-risk populations, namely, older adults. We reanalyze the PASCSS using a sample of older adults.

Relations of behavioral inhibition and activation system sensitivities with vaccination outcomes: Investigating the mediating role of vaccine hesitancy in older adults.

The study of behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral activation system (BAS) sensitivities has produced a multitude of models and frameworks to better understand decision-making and behavior. We extend this research to the study of a vaccination by exploring the relation of BIS and BAS sensitivities with vaccination willingness, receipt, and word-of-mouth. We also assess whether dimensions of vaccine hesitancy mediate these relations, testing whether they are viable explanatory mechanisms.

Integrating the person-centered approach with the study of vaccine hesitancy: Applying latent profile analysis to identify vaccine hesitancy subpopulations and assess their relations with correlates and vaccination outcomes.

In scholarly and popular discussions of vaccine hesitancy, authors have repeatedly referred to different "types" of vaccine hesitant individuals; however, almost all modern research on vaccine hesitancy utilizes variable-centered approaches to identify the relation of variables rather than a person-centered approach to identify subpopulations, which suggests that a discrepancy exists between conceptual discussions and empirical research on vaccine hesitancy. For this reason, the current article conducts a latent profile analysis (LPA) on the dimensions of a well-supported vaccine hesitancy measure, which assess hesitancy towards vaccines in general. We also assess the relations of the resultant profiles (e.

Relation of Personal Characteristics with Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Outcomes: Assessing the Mediating Role of Vaccine Hesitancy Dimensions.

Recent findings suggest that the rate of certain cancers can be reduced by increasing human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage, resulting in considerable research interest on the antecedents of HPV vaccine receipt to identify avenues to promote vaccination. The current article continues this stream of research by (1) studying the three HPV vaccination outcomes of willingness, receipt, and word-of-mouth, (2) investigating the antecedent effects of sociodemographic characteristics, health insurance status, provider conversation, and political orientation, and (3) testing the mediating role of vaccine hesitancy dimensions using a recently developed conceptualization. We achieve these goals by conducting a cross-sectional study with 404 participants (Age = 37.

Why people fail to participate in annual skin cancer screening: creation of the perceptions of annual skin cancer screening scale (PASCSS).

Objectives: Many studies show that most people, even at-risk individuals, do not undergo routine clinical skin cancer screening, and many questions remain unanswered regarding the participation (or lack thereof) in annual skin cancer screening. Perhaps the largest unanswered question is the most essential: We provide an avenue to answer this question by creating the Perceptions of Annual Skin Cancer Screening Scale (PASCSS).

Methods: In Study 1, we conduct a qualitative investigation to identify potential scale dimensions and items (n=233).

Investigating the Relation of Political Orientation and Vaccination Outcomes: Identifying the Roles of Political Ideology, Party Affiliation, and Vaccine Hesitancy.

Popular press and academic articles alike suggest that political orientation is a primary determinant of vaccination willingness, vaccination, and vaccine word-of-mouth (i.e., sharing of information regarding vaccines).

Psychometric Investigation of the Workplace Social Courage Scale (WSCS): New Evidence for Measurement Invariance and IRT Analysis.

This study, after presenting a review of the existent literature on courage and social courage in the workplace, has the purpose of providing new evidence about the psychometric properties of an Italian-language version of the Workplace Social Courage Scale (WSCS), verifying its measurement invariance across gender and the discrimination properties of its items through IRT analysis. The aim of the research is testing the Italian version of the WSCS; for this scope, four studies have been conducted on four different samples analyzing the factorial structure, the internal consistency, the measurement invariance across gender, and the convergent and concurrent validity. The results support the psychometric properties in terms of factor structure, reliability, validity, and utility, showing positive relationships with the criterion variables: satisfaction of work-related basic needs, prosocial rule breaking and work performance.

The mediating role of vaccine hesitancy in the relations of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs and vaccination outcomes: Which dimensions matter?

COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs have a powerful detrimental influence on COVID-19 vaccine perceptions and behaviors. We investigate an expanded range of outcomes for COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, and we test which vaccine hesitancy dimensions mediate these relations. Our results show that COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs relate to COVID-19 vaccination willingness and receipt, flu vaccination willingness and receipt, as well as vaccine word-of-mouth.

The good, the bad, and the neutral: Vaccine hesitancy mediates the relations of Psychological Capital, the Dark Triad, and the Big Five with vaccination willingness and behaviors.

The COVID-19 pandemic has made it apparent that many people are unwilling to be vaccinated, and certain types of people seem predisposed to support or oppose vaccines. We perform a multiple-wave survey study to determine whether the Big Five, Dark Triad, and Psychological Capital (PsyCap) indirectly relate via vaccine hesitancy to vaccination willingness, vaccination, and vaccine word-of-mouth. Our results show that conscientiousness, extraversion, narcissism, psychopathy, and PsyCap each influence our outcomes via dimensions of vaccine hesitancy.

Are face masks a partisan issue during the COVID-19 pandemic? Differentiating political ideology and political party affiliation.

Popular press articles have asserted that those with certain political orientations are less likely to wear face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. We propose that this relation is due to differential information shared by political parties rather than values associated with face mask wearing. We further propose that, when assessed together, political party affiliation (e.

A more comprehensive measure of vaccine hesitancy: Creation of the Multidimensional Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (MVHS).

This article aimed to develop the Multidimensional Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (MVHS). In Study 1 ( = 336), we identified 13 possible vaccine hesitancy dimensions and developed an item list. In Study 2 ( = 444), we performed an exploratory factor analysis that supported an eight-dimension structure and reduced our measure to 32 items.

The relations between age, face mask perceptions and face mask wearing.

Popular press outlets have proposed that older individuals are less likely to wear face masks despite health benefits of doing so during the COVID-19 pandemic. The current article investigates this notion in four separate studies, and we also assess the mediating effect of face mask perceptions between age and face mask wearing using the eight-dimension Face Masks Perceptions Scale (FMPS). The sample-size weighted average correlation between age and face mask wearing was -.

Gender, face mask perceptions, and face mask wearing: Are men being dangerous during the COVID-19 pandemic?

Recent popular press authors have proposed that men are less likely to wear face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. We investigate this notion in the current article by analyzing three extant datasets. We also assess the mediating effect of eight different face mask perceptions in the relation between gender and face mask wearing via the Face Mask Perceptions Scale.

Who wants to reopen the economy during the COVID-19 pandemic? The daring and uncaring.

Economic shutdowns, which refer to disallowing employees to work on site, are among the most contentious approaches to reduce the spread of COVID-19. While economic shutdowns save lives, their large economic costs have caused some people to develop strong attitudes and even break government-issued mandates, which incurs health risks and often the need to extend the economic shutdowns. In the current article, we argue that the interaction of two personality characteristics, risk-taking tendencies and prosocial tendencies, is a strong determinant of attitudes toward economic shutdowns, and we assess the impact of this interaction on three different attitudes toward economic shutdowns that differ by their focal target: employees, customers, and organizations.

Understanding face mask use to prevent coronavirus and other illnesses: Development of a multidimensional face mask perceptions scale.

Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks. Social scientists have rarely studied face mask wearing, leaving little guidance for methods to encourage these behaviours. In the current article, we provide an approach to address this issue by developing the 32-item and 8-dimension Face Mask Perceptions Scale (FMPS).

The antecedents and outcomes of workplace ostracism: A meta-analysis.

Researchers have shown great interest in the antecedents and outcomes of workplace ostracism, which has led to an expansive body of research. In light of this work, the current article fulfills the need for a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of the antecedents and outcomes associated with workplace ostracism. We begin our review by adapting a victimization perspective to understand ostracism as a triadic social process between the victim, perpetrator, and the environment.

Task performance influences general self-efficacy, even without increases in the skills required to achieve success.

The current article tests whether task performance influences general self-efficacy without increases in the skills required to achieve success. To do so, an experimental design is applied in which participants predict a random future event, and the relationship between prediction task performance and self-efficacy is observed. This article also tests whether this specific performance/self-efficacy relationship is moderated by (a) perceived illegitimacy of predicting the future and (b) self-assessed ability to predict the future.

The Measurement, Nomological Net, and Theory of Perceived Self-Esteem Instability: Applying the Conservation of Resources Theory to Understand the Construct.

The current article performs the first focused investigation into the construct of perceived self-esteem instability (P-SEI). Four studies investigate the construct's measurement, nomological net, and theoretical dynamics. Study 1 confirms the factor structure of a P-SEI Measure, supporting that P-SEI can be adequately measured.

An analysis of more than 1,400 articles, 900 scales, and 17 years of research: the state of scales in cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking.

Cyberpsychology is a recently emergent field that examines the impact of technology upon human cognition and behavior. Given its infancy, authors have rapidly created new measures to gauge their constructs of interest. Unfortunately, few of these authors have had the opportunity to test their scales' psychometric properties and validity.

The perceived causal structures of smoking: Smoker and non-smoker comparisons.

Despite the detrimental impact of smoking on health, its prevalence remains high. Empirical research has provided insight into the many causes and effects of smoking, yet lay perceptions of smoking remain relatively understudied. This study used a form of network analysis to gain insight into the causal attributions for smoking of both smoking and non-smoking college students.