Evaluations of Outcome Sequences.

We extend the literature on intertemporal choice by investigating how possession of knowledge related to the present value of future outcomes (PV knowledge) affects the extent to which individuals weight certain attributes when evaluating outcome sequences. While PV-knowledgeable individuals can ascribe value to attributes according to their PV relevance (or irrelevance), unknowledgeable individuals cannot do so. Such knowledge, therefore, likely interacts with outcome-sequence attributes to affect the extent to which individuals exhibit impatience when evaluating outcome sequences.

DNA-damaging effects of genotoxins in mixture: nonadditive effects of aflatoxin B1 and N-acetylaminofluorene on their mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium.

Most animal genotoxicity studies have used exposures to single chemicals; humans, however, are potentially exposed to mixtures of genotoxins. Cancer and developmental toxicity risks associated with genotoxins in mixture are generally estimated by assuming additivity of the components. Two or more genotoxins acting sequentially or simultaneously may present a greater or lesser hazard than that predicted by simple addition of their potencies.

Mutagenic activity and DNA adduct formation by 1, 2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane, an HIV-1 protease inhibitor and GST substrate.

Acid protease inhibitor 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane (ENPP) is commonly used in research as a substrate for glutathione-S-transferase activity (GST) and recently was found to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) protease. The question of DNA-adduct formation and mutagenicity was investigated and found that ENPP causes DNA damage and acts directly to induce mutagenicity in Salmonella. Using HPLC analysis, ENPP was shown to bind covalently to guanine residues.

Re-evaluation of anti-HTLV-I Western blot assay using HTLV-I and HTLV-II serum panels.

Background: Western blot assay is accepted to be a confirmatory test of anti-HTLV-I antibodies, and several WB criteria have been proposed for confirming HTLV-I seropositivity. There is a necessity for comprehensive study on the criteria.

Objectives: This study was performed to evaluate anti-HTLV-I WB kits and feasibility of the WB criteria.

Cultural differences in attitudes, values, and beliefs about osteoporosis in first and second generation Japanese-American women.

This study examines attitudinal differences related to osteoporosis between first and second generation Japanese-American women. In an interview, the women completed a battery of tests assessing their attitudes, values, and beliefs about the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care of osteoporosis. The groups differed in their general knowledge of osteoporosis, perceptions of the disease, attributions of its causes, anticipated and preferred support mechanisms for care, and anticipated areas of concern for self-or other-care.

Evaluation of commercial HTLV-1 test kits by a standard HTLV-1 serum panel.

To evaluate the performance of currently available test kits for human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), we examined two particle agglutination (PA) tests and nine enzyme immunoassays (EIA) using a standard serum panel consisting of HTLV-1-positive and HTLV-1-negative sera that had been characterized by immunofluorescence and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PA kits exhibited 94.0-100.

Geographic independence of HTLV-I and HTLV-II foci in the Andes highland, the Atlantic coast, and the Orinoco of Colombia.

To clarify the ethnic specificity of human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) and type II (HTLV-II) carriers among Colombian native Indians, we investigated the geographic distribution of HTLV-I and HTLV-II seroprevalence among the isolated ethnic groups of Mongoloid origin in the Andes highlands and the Atlantic coast of Colombia. HTLV-I carriers were found in 1.6% (1/62 samples) of Inga, 8.

Adaptation of skeletal muscle to immobilization in a shortened position.

This study determined the morphological changes and adaptations that occur following immobilization of rat soleus and gastrocnemius muscles when the ankle joint is placed in complete plantar flexion for 2, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days by means of plaster casts. Previous studies of such shortened muscles have shown that the number of sarcomeres in series is reduced, but how the sarcomeres are reduced has not been determined. We observed that the fibers in the mid-belly region of the muscles demonstrated a progressive degenerative process over the first few weeks.

Degeneration and alteration of axons and intrafusal muscle fibers in spindles following tenotomy.

The effect of tenotomy (cutting of distal and proximal tendons) on the spindles in soleus muscle of adult rats was examined by light and electron microscopy in tissue obtained 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 14 days after surgery. Degenerative changes in the spindles progressed with time; also, the degree of alteration observed in a spindle varied with its position in the muscle, i.e.

The role of facial response in the experience of emotion: more methodological problems and a meta-analysis.

A recent review of the facial feedback literature by Laird (1984) suggested that the effect of facial movement on self-reported mood is large and consistent. In this article, two issues are discussed that suggest that these conclusions are unwarranted. First, methodological problems concerning the facial expressions used to represent valid analogs of emotion and the arousal value of the emotion-eliciting stimuli seriously bring into question the adequacy of the studies to test facial feedback as implied by Izard (1971, 1977) or Tomkins (1962, 1963).

Sex behavior and the sexually dimorphic hypothalamic nucleus in male Zucker rats.

To determine whether or not impaired male sex behavior in obese male Zucker rats is accompanied by any anatomical alterations in a hypothalamic area implicated in the control of sex behavior, 6 lean and 5 obese male Zucker rats were studied behaviorally and anatomically at 14 months of age. Obese males showed markedly decreased male sex behavior relative to lean males, in spite of serum levels of testosterone and testicular weights comparable to those of lean rats. Obese rats had significant decreases in brain weight and volumes of sexually dimorphic nuclei per g of brain, relative to lean rats; volumes per g brain of other structures (paraventricular and suprachiasmatic nuclei) were not different between groups.

Cross-cultural examination of the semantic dimensions of body postures.

In two studies, we examined the cross-cultural validity of the dimensional structures with which postures are judged. In Study 1, 686 Japanese subjects rated 40 posture expressions on sixteen 5-point semantic differential scale items. Subjects inferred an encoder's attitude towards oneself (i.

The morphology of growth cones of regenerating optic nerve axons.

The morphology of growth cones of regenerating optic nerve axons was examined by light and electron microscopy in adult frogs (Rana pipiens), using a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) fiber-filling method, during early and later phases of regeneration. Optic nerve regeneration was initiated unilaterally by crushing the optic nerve in mid-orbit. Fiber filling was accomplished by severing the affected nerve closer to the eye 24-48 hrs.

Base curve measurements of soft contact lenses.

Efforts to fit and duplicate soft contact lenses depend to a certain extent upon the practitioner's ability to determine the base curve (posterior apical radius) of the lenses accurately. In the study, three devices were used to measure the base curve of seven different manufacturers' soft lenses. Each manufacturer provided six to ten -3.

Long-term survival of centrally projecting axons in the optic nerve of the frog following destruction of the retina.

A significant number of unmyelinated axons and their synaptic endings in the frog, Rana pipiens, were found to retain a normal morphology long after separation from their cell bodies. At the end of various survival periods following unilateral removal of the retina, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was administered to the optic nerve stump by a fiber-filling method. In frogs maintained at 20 degrees C, unmyelinated optic nerve axons conducted HRP from the site of application in the orbit to layers A, C, and E of the contralateral optic tectum, even though their retinas had been removed up to 69 days earlier.

Identification of relaxins in porcine follicular fluid and in the ovary of the immature sow.

Relaxin was measured by radioimmunoassay in follicular fluid from sows which were of different reproductive states. In non-pregnant animals, follicular fluid relaxin values ranged from 0.23 to 666 ng/ml.

Compact low-temperature fixed point device.

A small fixed point device is designed to be permanently mounted on a dilution refrigerator. The device contains Be and In samples with transitions at about 25 mK and 3.4 K.

Comparison of the ultrastructure of stimulated and unstimulated mechanoreceptors in the taste hairs of the blowfly Phaenicia serricata.

The structure of mechanoreceptors at the base of labellar taste hairs of the blowfly Phaenicia serricata were examined in stimulated and unstimulated conditions (i.e. with the hair bent or unbent).