Morphology and distribution of granulomatous inflammation in freshwater ornamental fish infected with mycobacteria.

Mycobacteriosis in fish is a chronic progressive ubiquitous disease caused by Mycobacterium marinum, M. gordonae and M. fortuitum in most cases.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium distribution studied in a naturally infected hen flock and in the environment by culture, serotyping and IS901 RFLP methods.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (MAA) of serotype 2 and genotype IS901+ and IS1245+ was cultured from 21 naturally infected hens (Gallus domesticus) from one smallholder aviary. From a total of 330 samples taken from hens, 124 mycobacteria were detected.

Avian tuberculosis in naturally infected captive water birds of the Ardeideae and Threskiornithidae families studied by serotyping, IS901 RFLP typing, and virulence for poultry.

Avian tuberculosis was detected in one flock of 38 water birds of the families Ardeideae (n = 20) and Threskiornithidae (n = 18). Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (MAA, serotype 1, genotype IS901+ and IS1245+) was more often (p = 0.

Distribution of mycobacteria in clinically healthy ornamental fish and their aquarium environment.

Some mycobacterial species (particularly Mycobacterium marinum) found in aquarium environments may cause chronic diseases in fish and cutaneous infections in humans, the so-called 'fish tank granuloma'. The presence and distribution of mycobacterial species in clinically healthy aquarium fish and their environment has not been adequately explored. The present study analysed the occurrence of mycobacteria in a decorative aquarium (Brno, South Moravia) and in five aquaria of a professional fish breeder (Bohumin, North Moravia).

Various stages in the life cycle of syrphid flies (Eristalis tenax; Diptera: Syrphidae) as potential mechanical vectors of pathogens causing mycobacterial infections in pig herds.

We defined the role of the syrphid fly Eristalis tenax in the survival and transmission of mycobacteria in pigs. The conditionally pathogenic mycobacterial (CPM) species Mycobacterium chelonae was isolated from 10 % of liquid dung samples, and both M. chelonae and another CPM species M.

Potential risk of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis spread by syrphid flies in infected cattle farms.

The syrphid Eristalis tenax Linnaeus (Diptera: Syrphidae) may be found in and around dung storage pits at cattle farms at various developmental stages of their life cycle. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in 1044 E.

Identification of members of Mycobacterium avium species by Accu-Probes, serotyping, and single IS900, IS901, IS1245 and IS901-flanking region PCR with internal standards.

From Mycobacterium avium species Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (n=961), Mycobacterium a. avium (n=677), Mycobacterium a.

Distribution of Mycobacterium avium complex isolates in tissue samples of pigs fed peat naturally contaminated with mycobacteria as a supplement.

In early 1999, there was an increased incidence of tuberculous lesions in the lymph nodes of slaughtered pigs in the Czech Republic. In part 1 of this study, tuberculous lesions were detected in 140 (62%) tissue samples collected from pigs coming from 15 farms in 15 districts at routine veterinary meat inspections in abattoirs. Mycobacteria were isolated from 37 (16%) tissue samples: 34 Mycobacterium avium subsp.

Beetles as possible vectors of infections caused by Mycobacterium avium species.

Mycobacteria were not isolated from any of 229 beetle imagoes of 29 species originating from 14 distinct localities in the Czech and Slovak Republics: 186 imagoes (34 samples) and 43 imagoes (12 samples) from the wild and herds with paratuberculosis infected ruminants, respectively. From 75 environmental samples taken from barns with infected ruminants, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was isolated from five scrapings of the floors in barns and a feed processing room.

Impact of sawdust and wood shavings in bedding on pig tuberculous lesions in lymph nodes, and IS1245 RFLP analysis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis of serotypes 6 and 8 isolated from pigs and environment.

Among 25,027 slaughter pigs raised in two farms, tuberculous lesions were detected in the lymph nodes of 898 (3.6%) of them. Tuberculous lesions were most commonly found in the mesenteric (601; 2.

Blowflies Calliphora vicina and Lucilia sericata as passive vectors of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium, M. a. paratuberculosis and M. a. hominissuis.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Actinomycetales: Mycobacteriaceae) isolates of identical restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) type B-C1 were isolated from: intestinal mucosa of two cows showing clinical signs of paratuberculosis, a specimen of the blowfly Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae) captured while perched on these cattle intestines in a waste container at the site of the slaughter, and the blowflies C. vicina and Lucilia caesar Linnaeus captured the next day at the same site when no infected cattle with paratuberculosis were slaughtered.

Study of Mycobacterium avium complex strains isolated from cattle in the Czech Republic between 1996 and 2000.

This study surveys 2,593,348 cattle slaughtered between 1996 and 2000, and further investigates 571 (0.02%) animals found to have tuberculous lesions. Culture of 346 randomly selected tissue samples from animals younger (n = 215) and older (n = 131) than 2 years, isolated mycobacteria from 91 animals (26.

A standardised restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method for typing Mycobacterium avium isolates links IS901 with virulence for birds.

A standardised method for PvuII-PstI-IS901 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing was developed and evaluated against 173 isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and M. avium subsp.

Nymphs of the Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis) as passive vectors of causal agents of avian tuberculosis and paratuberculosis.

The potential transmission of the causal agent of paratuberculosis Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis and avian tuberculosis Mycobacterium avium ssp. avium (Actinomycetales: Mycobacteriaceae) by nymphs of the Oriental cockroach Blatta orientalis L.

Earthworms (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) and mycobacteria.

The objective of the study was to define the role of earthworms in the survival of mycobacteria in animal populations. In 13 sampling sites mycobacteria were detected in 53 (5.5%) samples of faeces and parenchymatous tissues from animals, in 25 (7.

IS1311 and IS1245 restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses, serotypes, and drug susceptibilities of Mycobacterium avium complex isolates obtained from a human immunodeficiency virus-negative patient.

Six isolates of Mycobacterium avium of genotype dnaJ(+) IS901(-) IS1311(+) IS1245(+) and serotypes 6 (n = 1), 6/9, (n = 2), and 9 (n = 3) were obtained within a 5-month period from a human immunodeficiency virus-negative patient treated for tuberculosis. The isolates were identified with PvuII restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis as a single IS1311 RFLP type and six different IS1245 RFLP types. Six separate colonies/clones obtained by subculture from each of the six isolates were tested for MICs of a set of 10 drugs.

Diptera as vectors of mycobacterial infections in cattle and pigs.

Mycobacteria were isolated from 14 (4.5%) of 314 samples, containing 7791 adult Diptera, which were collected in the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1997-2000. These flies were collected from three cattle herds with paratuberculosis, two pig herds with mycobacterial infections and one farm that kept both cattle and pigs and that did not have problems of mycobacterial infections.

Findings of mycobacteria in insectivores and small rodents.

The organs of 30 insectivorous mammals and 62 rodents from areas inhabited by people or livestock where cattle paratuberculosis or mycobacterial infections of swine had been found to occur were examined by cultivation during the monitoring of occurrence and spread of mycobacterioses in cattle and swine. Mycobacteria were found in the organs of 3 insectivores (10%) and 6 rodents (9.7%).

Parallel faecal and organ Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis culture of different productivity types of cattle.

Faecal (at least 3 months before slaughtering) and organ examinations were carried out in 611 animals (497 dairy, 69 dual-purpose and 44 beef cattle) originating from eight paratuberculosis infected cattle herds. The diagnosis in cattle was established by routine intestinal culture (ileum and the adjacent lymph nodes) after slaughter. In selected 132 animals, post-mortem intensive culture was performed on tissue samples collected from the gastrointestinal tract (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve, caecum, rectum) and the corresponding lymph nodes, submandibular, retropharyngeal, tracheobronchial, liver and supramammary lymph nodes, kidney, liver and spleen.

Induction effects of polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other widespread aromatic environmental pollutants on microsomal monooxygenase activities in chick embryo liver.

Cytochrome P450-dependent 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), 7-pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (PROD) and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (ECOD) activities in 14-day-old chick embryo livers were determined 24 h after pretreatment with selected widespread aromatic environmental contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hexachlorobenzene, and dialkylesters of phthalic acid, and compared with the inducing potencies of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and the coplanar and mono-o-chlorinated PCBs. The effects of other model inducers, i.e.

Comparison of mouse and chick embryo liver and hepatoma cell lines as model systems used for enzymological estimation of toxicity potentials of organic pollutants.

Cytochromes P450-dependent monooxygenase activities were determined and compared in mouse liver microsomes and in hepatoma cell homogenates after exposure to prototype inducers of individual P450 enzymes. In vivo inductions of levels of mouse hepatic monooxygenase activities have been found as effective biochemical markers of toxicity potentials of a series of classes of xenobiotics (CYP1A induction for toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related pollutants; CYP2E induction for dialkylnitrosamines and organic solvents, e.g.

Biochemical screening of highly toxic aromatic contaminants in river sediment and comparison of sensitivity of biological model systems.

Fractions containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were extracted from river sediments by various extraction methods. The amount of individual pollutants was determined analytically and data compared with biological assays. These were based on the induction of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYPIA1) after treatment with sediment fractions in two different biological model systems, a mouse hepatoma cell line Hepa-1 and a chick embryo.

Salmonellae in gulls and other free-living birds in the Czech Republic.

Cloacal swabs, collected from 756 wild synanthropic and exoanthropic birds of 57 species in the Czech Republic, yielded 32 strains of Salmonella typhimurium [phage types (PT) 141, 104 and 41], six isolates of S. enteritidis (PT 8, 4 and 6e), and one each of S. panama and S.

Assimilation of ammonia in Paracoccus denitrificans.

Two pathways serve for assimilation of ammonia in Paracoccus denitrificans. Glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) catalyzes the assimilation at a high NH4+ concentration. If nitrate serves as the nitrogen source, glutamate is synthesized by glutamate-ammonia ligase and glutamate synthase (NADPH).