Pediatric Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: A Comprehensive Exploration of Clinical Implications and Diagnostic Strategies.

Lower urinary tract dysfunction is clinically important because it may cause urinary tract infections, mainly due to accumulation of residual urine, and adversely affect renal function. In addition, it may cause urinary incontinence, strongly affecting the child's quality of life. The function of the lower urinary tract is closely associated with function of the bowel because constipation is commonly present with bladder dysfunction.

Associated Anomalies and Complications of Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney.

Background: To assess multicystic dysplastic kidneys (MCDK) in children, their complications and associated congenital genitourinary anomalies.

Methods: Children with unilateral MCDK, evaluated between 2012 and 2020, were analyzed. In this retrospective study, data were obtained from electronic and paper health care records.

Case Report: Necrotizing Stomatitis as a Manifestation of COVID-19-Associated Vasculopathy.

Necrotizing stomatitis is a rare, acute-onset disease that is usually associated with severely malnourished children or diminished systemic resistance. We describe a 1-year-old girl who developed necrotizing stomatitis, vasculitic rash, skin desquamation on the fingers and toes, and persistent hypertension after serologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Her laboratory investigations revealed positive IgG anticardiolipin and IgG anti-β2 glycoprotein antibodies, and biopsy of the mucosa of the lower jaw showed necrosis and endothelial damage with mural thrombi.

Evaluation of Hypervolemia in Children.

Hypervolemia is a condition with an excess of total body water and when sodium (Na) intake exceeds output. It can have different causes, such as hypervolemic hyponatremia (often associated with decreased, effective circulating blood volume), hypervolemia associated with metabolic alkalosis, and end-stage renal disease. The degree of hypervolemia in critically ill children is a risk factor for mortality, regardless of disease severity.

Evaluation and Treatment of Alkalosis in Children.

Alkalosis is a disorder of acid-base balance defined by elevated pH of the arterial blood. Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by primary elevation of the serum bicarbonate. Due to several mechanisms, it is often associated with hypochloremia and hypokalemia and can only persist in the presence of factors causing and maintaining alkalosis.

Formula estimation of appropriate urinary catheter size in children.

To perform proper and optimal catheterization, a urinary catheter of appropriate size has to be selected as the success of a procedure is often dependent on it. Catheterization of the urinary bladder is a common procedure in pediatric practice which is used for numerous diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. There are very few recommendations on how to choose the optimal size of a catheter on the basis of a child's age or weight.

Partial remission of resistant nephrotic syndrome after oral galactose therapy.

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is sometimes associated with a circulating permeability factor. It was proposed that this factor interacts with the sugars of the glycocalyx, and its high affinity for galactose was shown on the basis of chromatographic studies. Galactose inactivates it and seems to lead to its clearance from plasma.

Indirect voiding urosonography for detecting vesicoureteral reflux in children.

The purpose of our prospective study was to determine the value of indirect voiding urosonography without the use of contrast-media and without filling of the bladder through a catheter (IVUS) for detection of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children, compared with echo-enhanced voiding urosonography (VUS). Among 57 children (45 girls and 12 boys, aged 2.7 to 12.