Molecular Biology of Cancer-Interplay of Malignant Cells with Emerging Therapies.

Cancer is currently one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and according to data from the World Health Organization reported in 2020, it ranks as the second leading cause of death globally, accounting for 10 million fatalities [...

Prostatic Adenocarcinoma in a Patient With a History of Cryptorchidism-Associated Hypogonadism: A Case Report.

Prostate cancer is a prevalent malignancy often associated with advancing age and high androgen levels. Hypogonadism is characterized by low testosterone levels, and as prostate growth is androgen-dependent, this links elevated testosterone to increased prostate cancer risk. This rare presentation of a middle-aged man with the development of prostate cancer, following a history of congenital cryptorchidism and subsequent hypogonadism, challenges the conventional understanding of the role of testosterone in the development of prostate cancer.

Frontiers of Molecular Biology of Cancer.

Cancer is rooted in genetic background, with the expression of oncogenesis playing a pivotal role in the early stages of tumor formation [...

Renal Cell Cancer - Insights in Drug Resistance Mechanisms.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the prevalent form of kidney cancer in adults, with clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) being the predominant subtype. While surgical resection remains the primary curative approach for localized RCC, a significant number of patients encounter disease relapse. The advent of targeted therapies, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, has revolutionized the treatment of metastatic RCC.

The integration of palliative care with oncology: the path ahead.

The delivery of comprehensive cancer care within a progressively intricate healthcare environment requires oncology providers to become well-versed in the integration of palliative care (PC). Moreover, as healthcare professionals are urged to prioritize the individual preferences of patients and their families who confront life-limiting illnesses, it has become evident that oncology patients and their families have identified their psychosocial care needs as multifaceted and distinct, calling for specialized attention from care providers. Nevertheless, this is a skill that can be acquired through learning and practice.

Prognostic Factors in Patients with Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression Secondary to Lung Cancer-A Retrospective UK Single-Centre Study.

Purpose: Metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) is a severe complication of cancer that can lead to irreversible neurological impairment, necessitating prompt recognition and intervention. This retrospective, single-centre study aimed to determine the prognostic factors and survival rates among patients presenting with MSCC secondary to lung cancer.

Methods And Materials: We identified 74 patients with epidural metastases-related spinal cord compression and a history of lung cancer through the electronic database of Medway Maritime Hospital in the United Kingdom (UK), spanning the period from April 2016 to September 2021.

Hallmarks of the Tumour Microenvironment of Gliomas and Its Interaction with Emerging Immunotherapy Modalities.

Gliomas are aggressive, primary central nervous system tumours arising from glial cells. Glioblastomas are the most malignant. They are known for their poor prognosis or median overall survival.

Aberrations of DNA Repair Pathways in Prostate Cancer-The State of the Art.

Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in males worldwide and the fifth most common cause of cancer-related death in men [...

Advances in Ovarian Cancer Treatment Beyond PARP Inhibitors.

Ovarian cancer has become the largest cause of gynaecological cancer-related mortality. It is typically diagnosed at a late stage and has no effective screening strategy. Ovarian cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease that can be subdivided into several molecular subsets.

BRCA Mutations in Ovarian and Prostate Cancer: Bench to Bedside.

DNA damage repair (DDR) defects are common in different cancer types, and these alterations can be exploited therapeutically. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is among the tumours with the highest percentage of hereditary cases. and predisposing pathogenic variants (PVs) were the first to be associated with EOC, whereas additional genes comprising the homologous recombination (HR) pathway have been discovered with DNA sequencing technologies.

Recent Insights into PARP and Immuno-Checkpoint Inhibitors in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer.

Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecologic cancers and has the highest mortality rate of any other cancer of the female reproductive system. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) accounts for approximately 90% of all ovarian malignancies. The standard therapeutic strategy includes cytoreductive surgery accompanied by pre- or postoperative platinum-based chemotherapy.

Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Providing Evidence of Predisposition Genes.

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the cancers most influenced by hereditary factors. A fourth to a fifth of unselected EOC patients carry pathogenic variants (PVs) in a number of genes, the majority of which encode for proteins involved in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathways. PVs in and genes are responsible for a substantial fraction of hereditary EOC.

The safety and feasibility of simultaneous robotic repair of an inguinal hernia during robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose: This study intended to assess the safety and feasibility of performing concurrent robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) and robotic inguinal hernia repair (RIHR).

Method: We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library database up to the year 2020 to identify studies that assessed patients who underwent RALP and RIHR in the same settings.

Results: Thirteen studies were considered suitable for a systematic review and seven for Meta-analysis.

Conduit over conduit reconstruction of retracted and fibrosed ileal conduit in severe abdominal adhesions.

We report a unique case of a patient who underwent cystectomy with ileal conduit for nonmalignant bladder disease. Patient postoperatively developed stomal necrosis which was managed conservatively but after few months there was severe stomal stenosis and retraction and patient ended up with bilateral nephrostomies. On planned open abdominal exploration with intention to refashion stoma, after resection of distal stenosed segment we found that it was impossible to mobilize proximal portion of conduit due to severe small bowel adhesions.

Non-Epithelial Ovarian Cancers: How Much Do We Really Know?

Non-epithelial ovarian cancers (NEOC) are a group of uncommon malignancies that mainly includes germ cell tumours (GCT), sex cord-stromal tumours (SCST), and some extremely rare tumours, such as small cell carcinomas and sarcomas. Each of these classifications encompasses multiple histologic subtypes. The aetiology and molecular origins of each sub-group of NEOC require further investigation, and our understanding on the genetic changes should be optimised.

Angiogenesis and Anti-Angiogenic Treatment in Prostate Cancer: Mechanisms of Action and Molecular Targets.

Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Many therapeutic advances over the last two decades have led to an improvement in the survival of patients with metastatic PC, yet the majority of these patients still succumb to their disease. Antiagiogenic therapies have shown substantial benefits for many types of cancer but only a marginal benefit for PC.

Genetic Aberrations of DNA Repair Pathways in Prostate Cancer: Translation to the Clinic.

Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. Due to the large-scale sequencing efforts, there is currently a better understanding of the genomic landscape of PC. The identification of defects in DNA repair genes has led to clinical studies that provide a strong rationale for developing poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and DNA-damaging agents in this molecularly defined subset of patients.

Unraveling the Wide Spectrum of Melanoma Biomarkers.

The use of biomarkers in medicine has become essential in clinical practice in order to help with diagnosis, prognostication and prediction of treatment response. Since Alexander Breslow's original report on "melanoma and prognostic values of thickness", providing the first biomarker for melanoma, many promising new biomarkers have followed. These include serum markers, such as lactate dehydrogenase and S100 calcium-binding protein B.

Immuno-oncology: a narrative review of gastrointestinal and hepatic toxicities.

Vaccines, cytokines, and adoptive cellular therapies (ACT) represent immuno-therapeutic modalities with great development potential, and they are currently approved for the treatment of a limited number of advanced malignancies. The most up-to-date knowledge on the regulation of the anti-cancer immune response has recently led to the development and approval of inhibitors of immune checkpoints, which have produced unprecedented clinical activity in several hard to treat solid malignancies. However, severe adverse events (AEs) represent a limitation to the use of these drugs.

Management of Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression in Secondary Care: A Practice Reflection from Medway Maritime Hospital, Kent, UK.

Introduction: Malignant spinal cord compression (MSCC) is one of the most devastating complications of cancer. This event requires rapid decision-making on the part of several specialists, given the risk of permanent spinal cord injury or death. The goals of treatment in spinal metastases are pain control and improvement of neurological function.

Development of new poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in ovarian cancer: Quo Vadis?

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the fifth leading cause of cancer mortality among women, potentially due to ineffectiveness of screening tests for early detection. Patients typically present with advanced disease at diagnosis, whereas, up to 80% relapse and the estimated median progression-free survival (PFS) is approximately 12-18 months. Increased knowledge on the molecular biology of EOC resulted in the development of several targeted therapies, including poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors.

Melanoma of unknown primary: New perspectives for an old story.

Melanoma of unknown primary site (MUP) comprises 3-4 % of all melanomas. It mostly presents in lymph nodes (LNs), followed by subcutaneous sites, and visceral organs; nevertheless, there is a trend of increase in the relative incidence of visceral counterpart in recent years. Spontaneous regression of the primary lesion is a well-established theory, based on the evidence that melanoma can undergo regression at the primary site.