High Andean Steppes of Southern Chile Contain Little-Explored Lichen Symbionts.

lichens can colonize extreme habitats, such as high-elevation ecosystems, but their biodiversity is still largely unknown in these environments, especially in the southern hemi- sphere. We assessed the genetic diversity of mycobionts and cyanobionts of 60 lichens collected in three high Andean steppes of southern Chile using LSU, , COR3 and ITS loci for mycobionts, and SSU and loci for cyanobionts. We obtained 240 sequences for the different mycobiont markers and 118 for the cyanobiont markers, including the first report of sequences of through modifying a previously designed primer.

Relationship among the minor constituents, antibacterial activity and geographical origin of honey: A multifactor perspective.

Some minor constituents of honey samples were determined through a fluorometric-chemical characterization method and related multifactorially with their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and with their geographical origin. Rotated principal component analysis identified five significant components in honey: three related to antibacterial activity and linked to phenolic compounds; Maillard products; proteins; the concentration of HO at 3 and 24 h of incubation; and a tyrosine-containing entity. On the other hand, five constituents (phenolic compounds were the most relevant) allowed the classification of honey samples by geographical origin with 87% certainty.