Estimated Health and Economic Outcomes of Racial and Ethnic Tuberculosis Disparities in US-Born Persons.

Importance: Despite significant progress made toward tuberculosis (TB) elimination, racial and ethnic disparities persist in TB incidence and case-fatality rates in the US.

Objective: To estimate the health outcomes and economic cost of TB disparities among US-born persons from 2023 to 2035.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Generalized additive regression models projecting trends in TB incidence and case-fatality rates from 2023 to 2035 were fit based on national TB surveillance data for 2010 to 2019 in the 50 US states and the District of Columbia among US-born persons.

Risk factors underlying racial and ethnic disparities in tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment outcomes, 2011-19: a multiple mediation analysis of national surveillance data.

Background: Despite an overall decline in tuberculosis incidence and mortality in the USA in the past two decades, racial and ethnic disparities in tuberculosis outcomes persist. We aimed to examine the extent to which inequalities in health and neighbourhood-level social vulnerability mediate these disparities.

Methods: We extracted data from the US National Tuberculosis Surveillance System on individuals with tuberculosis during 2011-19.

Disparities in Tuberculosis Incidence by Race and Ethnicity Among the U.S.-Born Population in the United States, 2011 to 2021 : An Analysis of National Disease Registry Data.

Background: Elevated tuberculosis (TB) incidence rates have recently been reported for racial/ethnic minority populations in the United States. Tracking such disparities is important for assessing progress toward national health equity goals and implementing change.

Objective: To quantify trends in racial/ethnic disparities in TB incidence among U.

Depressive symptoms among adolescents in six sub-Saharan African countries: A pooled analysis of associated factors.

There is a need to identify risk factors, including nutrition-related factors, for depressive disorders among sub-Saharan African (SSA) adolescents. We examined the association of multiple measures with depressive symptoms among adolescents living across six SSA countries. Building on previous analyses, we used data from a cross-sectional study conducted from 2015 to 2017 among adolescents aged 10-19 years in six SSA countries (N = 7512).

Antenatal depression and adverse birth outcomes among pregnant women living with HIV in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Background: Women who experience antenatal depression may be at increased risk of adverse birth outcomes. Few studies have examined this association among women living with HIV (WHIV).

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 2298 pregnant WHIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, who were participants in a randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation.

The impact of a community health worker intervention on uptake of antenatal care: a cluster-randomized pragmatic trial in Dar es Salaam.

The provision of high-quality antenatal care (ANC) is important for preventing maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity, but only around half of pregnant women in Tanzania attended four or more ANC visits in 2019. Although there is emerging evidence on the benefit of community health worker (CHW) interventions on ANC uptake, few large-scale pragmatic trials have been conducted. This pragmatic cluster-randomized trial, implemented directly through the public sector health system, assessed the impact of an intervention that trained public sector CHWs to promote the uptake of ANC.

Depression and Viral Suppression Among Adults Living with HIV in Tanzania.

Limited information is available on the association between depression and viral suppression among people living with HIV (PLH) in sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 3996 adults initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Log-binomial models were used to assess the association between depression and the risk of an unsuppressed viral load (> 400 copies/mL) after 6 months of ART.

Can India's primary care facilities deliver? A cross-sectional assessment of the Indian public health system's capacity for basic delivery and newborn services.

Objectives: To assess input and process capacity for basic delivery and newborn (intrapartum care hereafter) care in the Indian public health system and to describe differences in facility capacity between rural and urban areas and across states.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: Data from the nationally representative 2012-2014 District Level Household and Facility Survey, which includes a census of community health centres (CHC) and sample of primary health centres (PHC) across 30 states and union territories in India.

Depressive Symptoms, Cardiac Disease Severity, and Functional Status in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease (from the Heart and Soul Study).

Patient-reported health status is highly valued as a key measure of health care quality, yet little is known about the extent to which it is determined by subjective perception compared with objective measures of disease severity. We sought to compare the associations of depressive symptoms and objective measures of cardiac disease severity with perceived functional status in patients with stable coronary artery disease. We assessed depressive symptoms, severity of cardiovascular disease, and perceived functional status in a cross-sectional study of 1,023 patients with stable coronary artery disease.

Soluble endothelial cell selective adhesion molecule and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with stable coronary disease: A report from the Heart and Soul Study.

Background And Aims: Endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule (ESAM) is selectively expressed on vascular endothelium and is postulated to play a role in atherogenesis. We investigated the association of serum soluble ESAM (sESAM) levels with subsequent cardiovascular outcomes in patients with stable ischemic heart disease.

Methods: We measured sESAM levels in 981 patients with stable coronary disease enrolled between September 2000 and December 2002 in a prospective cohort study.

Association of growth differentiation factor 11/8, putative anti-ageing factor, with cardiovascular outcomes and overall mortality in humans: analysis of the Heart and Soul and HUNT3 cohorts.

Aims: Growth differentiation factor 11 and/or its homologue growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF11/8) reverses age-related cardiac hypertrophy and vascular ageing in mice. We investigated whether GDF11/8 associates with cardiovascular outcomes, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), or age in humans.

Methods And Results: We measured plasma GDF11/8 levels in 928 participants with stable ischaemic heart disease in the Heart and Soul study.

The Prognostic Utility of Echo-Estimated Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Pressure-Volume Relationship in Stable Coronary Artery Disease: The Heart and Soul Study.

Background: While changes in the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship (LV-EDPVR) can be estimated using echocardiography, their prognostic utility in stable coronary artery disease (CAD) is unknown.

Methods: Using echo-estimated LV end-diastolic volume index and diastolic function category, the relative position of the LV-EDPVR was defined in 901 participants with stable CAD as: (1) left-shifted, (2) right-shifted, or (3) intermediate. We then evaluated the association of LV-EDPVR position relative to the intermediate category with time to hospitalization for heart failure (HF) or cardiovascular (CV) death using Cox proportional hazards models.

Effect of physical activity level on biomarkers of inflammation and insulin resistance over 5 years in outpatients with coronary heart disease (from the Heart and Soul Study).

Higher levels of physical activity are associated with lower rates of coronary heart disease (CHD). Previous studies have suggested that this is due partly to lower levels of inflammation and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to determine whether physical activity level was associated with inflammation or insulin resistance during a 5-year period in outpatients with known CHD.

B-type natriuretic peptides for the prediction of cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary heart disease: the Heart and Soul Study.

Background: Brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and the amino-terminal fragment of its prohormone (NT-proBNP) are known predictors of cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary heart disease; however, the relative prognostic value of these 2 biomarkers for secondary events remains unclear.

Methods And Results: In 983 participants with stable coronary heart disease, we evaluated the association of BNP and NT-proBNP with time to hospitalization for heart failure, nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke or transient ischemic attack, cardiovascular death, and combined major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). During an average follow-up of 6.

Association of alcohol use biomarkers and cognitive performance in veterans with problematic alcohol use and posttraumatic stress disorder: data from the mind your heart study.

The authors conducted a study of alcohol use biomarkers and cognitive performance among 85 veterans with problematic alcohol use and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). All analyses were adjusted for demographics, depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. Elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase were associated with worse performance on the Trail Making Test Part A and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test.

Growth differentiation factor 15 and cardiovascular events in patients with stable ischemic heart disease (The Heart and Soul Study).

Background: Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a relatively new biomarker that predicts mortality in patients with chronic stable angina or acute coronary syndrome. However, the association of GDF-15 with cardiovascular (CV) events and the mechanisms of this association are not well understood.

Methods: We measured plasma GDF-15 and cardiac disease severity in 984 patients with stable ischemic heart disease who were recruited for the Heart and Soul Study between September 2000 and December 2002.

A systematic analysis of global anemia burden from 1990 to 2010.

Previous studies of anemia epidemiology have been geographically limited with little detail about severity or etiology. Using publicly available data, we estimated mild, moderate, and severe anemia from 1990 to 2010 for 187 countries, both sexes, and 20 age groups. We then performed cause-specific attribution to 17 conditions using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors (GBD) 2010 Study.

Lifetime trauma exposure and prospective cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: findings from the Heart and Soul Study.

Objective: Little is known about the effect of cumulative psychological trauma on health outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to prospectively examine the association between lifetime trauma exposure and recurrent cardiovascular events or all-cause mortality in patients with existing cardiovascular disease.

Methods: A total of 1021 men and women with cardiovascular disease were recruited in 2000 to 2002 and followed annually.

Hostility, health behaviors, and risk of recurrent events in patients with stable coronary heart disease: findings from the Heart and Soul Study.

Background: Hostility is a significant predictor of mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), but the mechanisms that explain this association are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate potential mechanisms of association between hostility and adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

Methods And Results: We prospectively examined the association between self-reported hostility and secondary events (myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, transient ischemic attack, and death) in 1022 outpatients with stable CHD from the Heart and Soul Study.

Alcohol consumption and 5-year change in left atrial volume among patients with coronary heart disease: results from the Heart and Soul study.

Background: Heavy alcohol consumption is a risk factor for developing atrial fibrillation, but whether chronic alcohol use affects left atrial volume is unknown. We evaluated the association of self-reported alcohol consumption with 5-year change in left atrial volume among patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).

Methods: We studied 601 participants with stable CHD who underwent 2-dimensional echocardiography at baseline (2000-2002) and after 5 years of follow-up (2005-2007).

Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.

Background: Measuring disease and injury burden in populations requires a composite metric that captures both premature mortality and the prevalence and severity of ill-health. The 1990 Global Burden of Disease study proposed disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to measure disease burden. No comprehensive update of disease burden worldwide incorporating a systematic reassessment of disease and injury-specific epidemiology has been done since the 1990 study.

Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.

Background: Non-fatal health outcomes from diseases and injuries are a crucial consideration in the promotion and monitoring of individual and population health. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) studies done in 1990 and 2000 have been the only studies to quantify non-fatal health outcomes across an exhaustive set of disorders at the global and regional level. Neither effort quantified uncertainty in prevalence or years lived with disability (YLDs).