Divergent selection predating the Last Glacial Maximum mainly acted on macro-phenotypes in Norway spruce.

The current distribution and population structure of many species were, to a large extent, shaped by cycles of isolation in glacial refugia and subsequent population expansions. Isolation in and postglacial expansion through heterogeneous environments led to either neutral or adaptive divergence. Norway spruce is no exception, and its current distribution is the consequence of a constant interplay between evolutionary and demographic processes.

How to achieve a higher selection plateau in forest tree breeding? Fostering heterozygote × homozygote relationships in optimal contribution selection in the case study of .

In breeding, optimal contribution selection (OCS) is one of the most effective strategies to balance short- and long-term genetic responses, by maximizing genetic gain and minimizing global coancestry. Considering genetic diversity in the selection dynamic-through coancestry-is undoubtedly the reason for the success of OCS, as it avoids preliminary loss of favorable alleles. Originally formulated with the pedigree relationship matrix, global coancestry can nowadays be assessed with one of the possible formulations of the realized genomic relationship matrix.

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Type 1.3 Lena Triggers Conventional Dendritic Cells 1 Activation and T Helper 1 Immune Response Without Infecting Dendritic Cells.

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an arterivirus responsible for highly contagious infection and huge economic losses in pig industry. Two species, PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 are distinguished, PRRSV-1 being more prevalent in Europe. PRRSV-1 can further be divided in subtypes.

Porcine Alveolar Macrophage-like cells are pro-inflammatory Pulmonary Intravascular Macrophages that produce large titers of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus.

Lung inflammation is frequently involved in respiratory conditions and it is strongly controlled by mononuclear phagocytes (MNP). We previously studied porcine lung MNP and described a new population of cells presenting all the features of alveolar macrophages (AM) except for their parenchymal location, that we named AM-like cells. Herein we showed that AM-like cells are macrophages phagocytosing blood-borne particles, in agreement with a pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIM) identity.

Blocks of chromosomes identical by descent in a population: Models and predictions.

With the highly dense genomic data available nowadays, ignoring linkage between genes would result in a huge loss of information. One way to prevent such a loss is to focus on the blocks of chromosomes shared identical by descent (IBD) in populations. The development of the theoretical framework modelling IBD processes is essential to support the advent of new tools such as haplotype phasing, imputation, inferring population structure and demographic history, mapping loci or detecting signatures of selection.