Influence of perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection on mortality in orthopaedic inpatients with surgically treated traumatic fractures.

Background: SARS-CoV-2 has had an extensive influence on orthopaedic surgery practice and has been associated with an increased risk of mortality. There is limited evidence of how this pertains to acute orthopaedic surgery with inpatient care.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study on traumatic fracture patients requiring inpatient care between February 25, 2020 and March 25, 2021 was conducted.

Differential effects on blood and cerebrospinal fluid immune protein markers and kynurenine pathway metabolites from aerobic physical exercise in healthy subjects.

Mounting evidence shows that physical exercise modulates systemic inflammation. However, its effect on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immune-marker profiles in man are largely unknown. We here report a study on healthy subjects (n = 27, males = 12, mean age 28.

Comparative effectiveness of dimethyl fumarate as the initial and secondary treatment for MS.

Background: Population-based real-world evidence studies of the effectiveness and tolerability of dimethyl fumarate in relation to common treatment alternatives are still limited.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness and tolerability of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) as the initial and secondary treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients compared with common treatment alternatives in Sweden.

Methods: We conducted a nationwide retrospective observational cohort study of all RRMS patients identified through the Swedish MS registry initiating DMF ( = 641) or interferons/glatiramer acetate (IFN/GA;  = 555) as the initial therapy, or DMF ( = 703) or fingolimod (FGL;  = 194) after switch from IFN/GA between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2016.

Therapeutic efficacy of dimethyl fumarate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis associates with ROS pathway in monocytes.

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a first-line-treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The redox master regulator Nrf2, essential for redox balance, is a target of DMF, but its precise therapeutic mechanisms of action remain elusive. Here we show impact of DMF on circulating monocytes and T cells in a prospective longitudinal RRMS patient cohort.

Depression and fatigue in multiple sclerosis: Relation to exposure to violence and cerebrospinal fluid immunomarkers.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory condition characterized by chronic dysregulation of immune responses leading to repeated episodes of inflammation in the central nervous system. Depression and fatigue are common among MS patients, even in early disease phases, and the disease course can be negatively affected by stressful events. IL-6 and IL-8 have been associated with depression and stressful life events in non-MS patients.

Comparative Effectiveness of Rituximab and Other Initial Treatment Choices for Multiple Sclerosis.

Importance: Comparative real-world effectiveness studies of initial disease-modifying treatment (DMT) choices for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) that include rituximab are lacking.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness and drug discontinuation rates of rituximab among patients with newly diagnosed RRMS compared with injectable DMTs, dimethyl fumarate, fingolimod, or natalizumab.

Design, Setting, And Patients: This retrospective cohort study used prospectively collected data to examine specialized care of 2 Swedish county-based community samples of patients with RRMS.

Successful combined targeting of B- and plasma cells in treatment refractory anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

We describe an extremely severe case of therapy refractory NMDA receptor encephalitis (NMDAe) in a 26-year-old woman. After rituximab, bilateral oophorectomy, repeated cycles of high dose methylprednisolone and plasma exchange, she received repeated cyclophosphamide, tocilizumab (interleukin-6 inhibitor) and finally bortezomib (plasma cell depleting drug) leading to remission after 204days in intensive care. Two years after disease onset her cognitive functions are still affected, but slowly improving and the cerebral atrophy has been partly reversed.

Memory-reliant Post-error Slowing Is Associated with Successful Learning and Fronto-occipital Activity.

Negative feedback after an action in a cognitive task can lead to devaluing that action on future trials as well as to more cautious responding when encountering that same choice again. These phenomena have been explored in the past by reinforcement learning theories and cognitive control accounts, respectively. Yet, how cognitive control interacts with value updating to give rise to adequate adaptations under uncertainty is less clear.