A GH81-type β-glucan-binding protein enhances colonization by mutualistic fungi in barley.

Cell walls are important interfaces of plant-fungal interactions, acting as robust physical and chemical barriers against invaders. Upon fungal colonization, plants deposit phenolics and callose at the sites of fungal penetration to prevent further fungal progression. Alterations in the composition of plant cell walls significantly impact host susceptibility.

Two AMP-Binding Domain Proteins from Involved in Import of Exogenous Fatty Acids.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonize roots, where they provide nutrients in exchange for sugars and lipids. Because AMF lack genes for cytosolic fatty acid de novo synthase (FAS), they depend on host-derived fatty acids. AMF colonization is accompanied by expression of specific lipid genes and synthesis of -2 monoacylglycerols (MAGs).

Lipid Analysis by Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) represent powerful tools for the quantitative and structural analysis of plant lipids. Here, we outline protocols for the isolation, separation, and derivatization of plant lipids for subsequent GC and GC-MS analysis. Plant lipids are extracted with organic solvents and separated according to their polarity by thin-layer chromatography or solid phase extraction.

Palmitvaccenic Acid (Δ11--hexadecenoic acid) Is Synthesized by an OLE1-like Desaturase in the Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungus .

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi deliver mineral nutrients to the plant host in exchange for reduced carbon in the form of sugars and lipids. Colonization with AM fungi upregulates a specific host lipid synthesis pathway resulting in the production of fatty acids. Predominantly palmitic acid (16:0) and the unusual palmitvaccenic acid (16:1) accumulate in the fungus .

AP2 transcription factor CBX1 with a specific function in symbiotic exchange of nutrients in mycorrhizal .

The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, a widespread mutualistic association between land plants and fungi, depends on reciprocal exchange of phosphorus driven by proton-coupled phosphate uptake into host plants and carbon supplied to AM fungi by host-dependent sugar and lipid biosynthesis. The molecular mechanisms and -regulatory modules underlying the control of phosphate uptake and de novo fatty acid synthesis in AM symbiosis are poorly understood. Here, we show that the AP2 family transcription factor CTTC MOTIF-BINDING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1 (CBX1), a WRINKLED1 (WRI1) homolog, directly binds the evolutionary conserved CTTC motif that is enriched in mycorrhiza-regulated genes and activates phosphate transporter 4 () in vivo and in vitro.

The Lotus japonicus acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase FatM is required for mycorrhiza formation and lipid accumulation of Rhizophagus irregularis.

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi establish symbiotic interactions with plants, providing the host plant with minerals, i.e. phosphate, in exchange for organic carbon.

Lipid transfer from plants to arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi.

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbioses contribute to global carbon cycles as plant hosts divert up to 20% of photosynthate to the obligate biotrophic fungi. Previous studies suggested carbohydrates as the only form of carbon transferred to the fungi. However, fatty acid (FA) synthesis has not been observed in AM fungi in absence of the plant.

Arbuscular mycorrhiza-specific enzymes FatM and RAM2 fine-tune lipid biosynthesis to promote development of arbuscular mycorrhiza.

During arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS), considerable amounts of lipids are generated, modified and moved within the cell to accommodate the fungus in the root, and it has also been suggested that lipids are delivered to the fungus. To determine the mechanisms by which root cells redirect lipid biosynthesis during AMS we analyzed the roles of two lipid biosynthetic enzymes (FatM and RAM2) and an ABC transporter (STR) that are required for symbiosis and conserved uniquely in plants that engage in AMS. Complementation analyses indicated that the biochemical function of FatM overlaps with that of other Fat thioesterases, in particular FatB.

Lipids in plant-microbe interactions.

Bacteria and fungi can undergo symbiotic or pathogenic interactions with plants. Membrane lipids and lipid-derived molecules from the plant or the microbial organism play important roles during the infection process. For example, lipids (phospholipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids, sterol lipids) are involved in establishing the membrane interface between the two organisms.

Fatty acid synthesis and lipid metabolism in the obligate biotrophic fungus Rhizophagus irregularis during mycorrhization of Lotus japonicus.

Arbuscular mycorrhiza formation with fungi of the Glomeromycota represents a widespread symbiotic interaction of vascular plants. Different signaling events and metabolic adaptations are required for the close interaction between the two partners. Membrane lipid synthesis is a prerequisite for symbiosis, and membrane properties depend on lipid composition.