Comparison of norovirus genogroup I, II and IV seroprevalence among children in the Netherlands, 1963, 1983 and 2006.

Noroviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide and are a genetically diverse group of viruses. Since 2002, an increasing number of norovirus outbreaks have been reported globally, but it is not clear whether this increase has been caused by a higher awareness or reflects the emergence of new genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) variants.

Spot the difference-development of a syndrome based protein microarray for specific serological detection of multiple flavivirus infections in travelers.

Background: The family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, holds many of the world's most prevalent arboviral diseases that are also considered the most important travel related arboviral infections. In most cases, flavivirus diagnosis in travelers is primarily based on serology as viremia is often low and typically has already been reduced to undetectable levels when symptoms set in and patients seek medical attention. Serological differentiation between flaviviruses and the false-positive results caused by vaccination and cross-reactivity among the different species, are problematic for surveillance and diagnostics of flaviviruses.

High prevalence of prolonged norovirus shedding and illness among hospitalized patients: a model for in vivo molecular evolution.

During a 2-year survey in an academic hospital, 8 (8.4%) of all norovirus (NoV)-positive patients showed prolonged norovirus illness and shedding (duration, 21-182 days). All patients had underlying illnesses, resulting in some level of immunodeficiency in 5.