Immune-mediated ataxias: Guide to clinicians.

Immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias were initially described as a clinical entity in the 1980s, and since then, an expanding body of evidence has contributed to our understanding of this topic. These ataxias encompass various etiologies, including postinfectious cerebellar ataxia, gluten ataxia, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome and primary autoimmune cerebellar ataxia. The increased permeability of the brain-blood barrier could potentially explain the vulnerability of the cerebellum to autoimmune processes.

The expulsion of Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke from the Salpêtrière Hospital: Pierre Marie's revenge.

Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke was ahead of her time, with extensive contributions to the field of neuroanatomy and neurology, achieving international recognition. Despite her great contribution to world neurology, she was expelled from the Salpêtrière hospital in 1917, due to the rivalry and mutual hatred between Pierre Marie and his rival Jules Déjerine, her husband and collaborator.

Treatment of occipital neuralgia using onabotulinum toxin A.

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of botulinum toxin in a sample of patients diagnosed with greater occipital nerve neuralgia.

Material And Methods: Twenty-nine patients (28 females, 1 male) were treated for greater occipital nerve neuralgia with onabotulinum toxin type A; the Visual Analog Pain Scale was used to determine pain severity at treatment and again 12 weeks after application.

Results: Average doses of onabotulinum toxin type A of 18.

Freezing of gait (FOG) in Parkinson's disease patients-the contribution of Garcin and Melaragno.

Raymond Garcin, professor of neurology in Paris, France, and his Brazilian assistant, Professor Roberto Melaragno described in 1948 the phenomenon defined as "bégaiement de la mise en route du mouvement" in patients with Parkinson's disease. This was one of the first descriptions of freezing of gait (FOG) in the world.

Roberto Melaragno's scientific contributions to Brazilian Neurology.

Roberto Melaragno Filho, an associate professor of neurology at the School of Medicine of Universidade de São Paulo and head of the neurology service at Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual Francisco Morato Oliveira (HSPE-FMO), had a significant scientific career. He is recognized as a reference in the 20th century Brazilian neurology in addition to having a notable international career.

Small vessel occlusion and syphilis in patients with first-ever ischemic stroke.

Background: Syphilis is an endemic disease, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, with vascular involvement in large vessels (aortitis), but no clear relationship with stroke patients, except for those who presented with meningovascular neurosyphilis.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between a positive history of syphilis determined by serological testing and ischemic stroke etiology, particularly small vessel disease (SVD).

Methods: In total, 269 first-ever ischemic stroke patients admitted to the stroke unit were tested for syphilis.

Autosomal Recessive Cerebellar Ataxia 1: First Case Report Depicting a Variant in SYNE1 Gene in a Chilean Patient.

Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia type 1 (ARCA-1) or spinocerebellar ataxia autosomal recessive type 8 (SCAR8) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder that occurs due to mutations in the spectrin repeat containing nuclear envelope protein 1 (SYNE1) gene. Previously considered a rare cause of ARCA, related to French-Canadian patients from Beauce, Quebec, Canada, SYNE1 ataxia is now known to be of worldwide distribution. We present the case report of a 54-year-old male patient with the genetic diagnosis of SYNE1 ataxia, presenting with a SYNE1 gene mutation never described in Chilean population before.

Follow-Up of Advanced Parkinson's Disease Patients after Clinical or Surgical Emergencies: A Practical Approach.

Background: Patients with advanced stage Parkinson's disease (PD) typically present with a myriad of motor and nonmotor symptoms in addition to comorbidities and, as a consequence, polypharmacy.

Objective: To analyze a series of cases of advanced PD in which a clinical or surgical emergency played a trigger role in the irreversible progression of landmarks of the course of the disease.

Methods: Data were collected during a 13-month observational period of a cohort of 230 PD patients, in 751 medical appointments.

The Duels of Pierre Marie and Jules Dejerine.

In no country has the duel prevailed to such a great extent as in France where the matter of dueling and affairs of honor were of frequent occurrence until the 20th century. The term duel has since been established for any contest between 2 persons or parties, be they sporting, intellectual, political, or in other matters. Despite their worldwide recognition and great scientific production, Pierre Marie and Jules Dejerine became rivals at the end of the 19th century.

Hand Stereotypies in Rett Syndrome.

Researchers from the Rett Syndrome Natural History Study (RNHS) present longitudinal data across the United States of America aimed to characterize hand stereotypies (HS) in this large cohort of patients with Rett syndrome.