Numerical and clinical analysis of an eyeball injuries under direct impact.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to develop a numerical model of the eyeball and orbit to simulate a blunt injury to the eyeball leading to its rupture, as well as to conduct a comparative analysis of the results obtained using the finite element method against the clinical material concerning patients who had suffered an eyeball rupture due to a blunt force trauma.

Material And Methods: Using available sclera biometric and strength data, a numerical model of the eyeball, the orbital contents, and the bony walls were developed from the ground up. Then, 8 different blunt force injury scenarios were simulated.

Tensile modulus of human orbital wall bones cut in sagittal and coronal planes.

In the current research, 68 specimens of orbital superior and/or medial walls taken from 33 human cadavers (12 females, 21 males) were subjected to uniaxial tension untill fracture. The samples were cut in the coronal (38 specimens) and sagittal (30 specimens) planes of the orbital wall. Apparent density (ρapp), tensile Young's modulus (E-modulus) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) were identified.

Validation of Hydraulic Mechanism during Blowout Trauma of Human Orbit Depending on the Method of Load Application.

The more we know about mechanisms of the human orbital blowout type of trauma, the better we will be able to prevent them in the future. As long as the mechanism's veracity is not in doubt, the mechanism is not based on equally strong premises. To investigate the correctness of the hydraulic mechanism's theory, two different methods of implementation of the hydraulic load to the finite element method (FEM) model of the orbit were performed.

Nonlinear dynamic analysis of the pure "buckling" mechanism during blow-out trauma of the human orbit.

Considering the interplay between orbital bones and intraorbital soft tissues, commonly accepted patterns of the blow-out type of trauma within the human orbit require more thorough investigation to assess the minimal health-threatening impact value. Two different three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) models of the human orbital region were developed to simulate the pure "buckling" mechanism of orbital wall fracture in two variants: the model of orbital bone elements and the model of orbital bone, orbit and intraorbital tissue elements. The mechanical properties of the so-defined numerical skull fragment were applied to the model according to the unique laboratory tensile stress tests performed on small and fragile specimens of orbital bones as well as using the data available in the literature.