Molecular detection of respiratory viruses: an observational study on respiratory co-infections in children and adults.

Respiratory tract infection (RTI) is the most important cause of visiting both public and private medical care services. During the decade preceding Covid-19, in developing countries, there was a gap in the epidemiology of respiratory viral infections, probably due to the difficulty of detecting viral agents in clinical microbiology laboratories routine, at that time. In this context, the aim of this study was to describe the occurrence of virus, demographic factors associated and the likelihood of coinfections detection by multiplex PCR methods.

A Non-Toxic Binuclear Vanadium(IV) Complex as Insulin Adjuvant Improves the Glycemic Control in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) complications are a burden to health care systems due to the associated consequences of poor glycemic control and the side effects of insulin therapy. Recently. adjuvant therapies, such as vanadium compounds, have gained attention due to their potential to improve glucose homeostasis in patients with diabetes.

Fatigue and marginal adaptation of bulk fill restoratives: Effect of the layering technique and cavity dimension of extensively damaged teeth.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of layering technique and cavity dimension on the fatigue behavior and marginal adaptation of bulk fill (BF) restorations in extensively damaged teeth.

Methods: Seventy-two premolars received class II cavities (MOD) followed by endodontic treatment. Half sample had 1/3 of their palatal cusp removed.

Apolipoprotein M gene polymorphisms in childhood-onset type 1 diabetes in southern Brazil.

Unlabelled: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), associated with autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells, is observed in children and adolescents.

Objective: We investigated the potential association of the apolipoprotein M () polymorphisms rs707921, rs805264, rs805296, rs805297, and rs9404941 in childhood-onset T1DM ( = 144) and compared them to those in healthy (mostly Euro-Brazilian) children ( = 168).

Methods: This project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Parana (CAAE 24676613.

School type and oral conditions associated with school performance and absenteeism in adolescents: A multilevel analysis.

Background: Investigations assessing how oral health status affects school performance and attendance considering individual and community variables are lacking.

Aim: To analyze the association of school contextual factors and oral conditions with school performance and absenteeism in early adolescence.

Design: This cross-sectional study was carried out with 593 12-year-old students from 20 schools in Passo Fundo, a southern city in Brazil.

High-dimensional intravital microscopy reveals major changes in splenic immune system during postnatal development.

Spleen is a key organ for immunologic surveillance, acting as a firewall for antigens and parasites that spread through the blood. However, how spleen leukocytes evolve across the developmental phase, and how they spatially organize and interact is still poorly understood. Using a novel combination of selected antibodies and fluorophores to image in vivo the spleen immune environment, we described for the first time the dynamics of immune development across postnatal period.

Corrigendum: Susceptibility to infections during acute liver injury depends on transient disruption of liver macrophage niche.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.

Susceptibility to Infections During Acute Liver Injury Depends on Transient Disruption of Liver Macrophage Niche.

Kupffer cells are the primary liver resident immune cell responsible for the liver firewall function, including clearance of bacterial infection from the circulation, as they are strategically positioned inside the liver sinusoid with intimate contact with the blood. Disruption in the tissue-resident macrophage niche, such as in Kupffer cells, can lead to a window of susceptibility to systemic infections, which represents a significant cause of mortality in patients with acetaminophen (APAP) overdose-induced acute liver injury (ALI). However, how Kupffer cell niche disruption increases susceptibility to systemic infections in ALI is not fully understood.

CXCL10 chemokine regulates heterogeneity of the CD8 T cell response and viral set point during chronic infection.

CD8 T cells responding to chronic infection adapt an altered differentiation program that provides some restraint on pathogen replication yet limits immunopathology. This adaptation is imprinted in stem-like cells and propagated to their progeny. Understanding the molecular control of CD8 T cell differentiation in chronic infection has important therapeutic implications.

Resistance Against Infection Depends on Microbiota-Guided Macrophage Activation.

Innate immune cells present a dual role during leishmaniasis: they constitute the first line of host defense but are also the main host cells for the parasite. Response against the infection that results in the control of parasite growth and lesion healing depends on activation of macrophages into a classical activated phenotype. We report an essential role for the microbiota in driving macrophage and monocyte-derived macrophage activation towards a resistance phenotype against infection in mice.

Inhibition of Drug-Induced Liver Injury in Mice Using a Positively Charged Peptide That Binds DNA.

Hepatic cell death occurs in response to diverse stimuli such as chemical and physical damage. The exposure of intracellular contents such as DNA during necrosis induces a severe inflammatory response that has yet to be fully explored therapeutically. Here, we sought means to neutralize the ability of extracellular DNA to induce deleterious tissue inflammation when drug-induced liver injury had already ensued.

Chronic ingestion of Primex-Z, compared with other common fat sources, drives worse liver injury and enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infections.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate putative different outcomes on the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice using fat options regularly used in human nutrition.

Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet, and four different high-fat diets (HFD: 40% calories from fat; Research Diet, Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA) for 16 and 30 wk.

Imaging and immunometabolic phenotyping uncover changes in the hepatic immune response in the early phases of NAFLD.

Background & Aims: The precise determination of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) onset is challenging. Thus, the initial hepatic responses to fat accumulation, which may be fundamental to our understanding of NAFLD evolution and clinical outcomes, are largely unknown. Herein, we chronologically mapped the immunologic and metabolic changes in the liver during the early stages of fatty liver disease in mice and compared this with human NAFLD samples.

Prolonged neutrophil survival at necrotic sites is a fundamental feature for tissue recovery and resolution of hepatic inflammation.

Neutrophils were classically described as powerful effectors of acute inflammation, and their main purpose was assumed to be restricted to pathogen killing through production of oxidants. As consequence, neutrophils also may lead to significant collateral damage to the healthy tissues, and after performing these tasks, these leukocytes are supposed to die within tissues. However, there is a growing body of evidence showing that neutrophils also play a pivotal role in the resolution phases of inflammation, because they can modulate tissue environment due to secretion of different kind of cytokines.

Th1-Th2 Cross-Regulation Controls Early Leishmania Infection in the Skin by Modulating the Size of the Permissive Monocytic Host Cell Reservoir.

The impact of T helper (Th) 1 versus Th2 immunity on intracellular infections is attributed to classical versus alternative activation of macrophages leading to resistance or susceptibility. However, observations in multiple infectious settings demonstrate deficiencies in mediators of Th1-Th2 immunity, which have paradoxical or no impact. We report that prior to influencing activation, Th1/Th2 immunity first controls the size of the permissive host cell reservoir.

The Annexin A1/FPR2 pathway controls the inflammatory response and bacterial dissemination in experimental pneumococcal pneumonia.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of community-acquired pneumonia leading to high mortality rates. Inflammation triggered by pneumococcal infection is necessary for bacterial clearance but must be spatially and temporally regulated to prevent further tissue damage and bacterial dissemination. Annexin A1 (AnxA1) mainly acts through Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 (FPR2) inducing the resolution of inflammation.

Visualizing Lymph Node Structure and Cellular Localization using Ex-Vivo Confocal Microscopy.

Lymph nodes (LNs) are organs spread within the body, where the innate immune responses can connect with the adaptive immunity. In fact, LNs are strategically interposed in the path of the lymphatic vessels, allowing intimate contact of tissue antigens with all resident immune cells in the LN. Thus, understanding the cellular composition, distribution, location and interaction using ex vivo whole LN imaging will add to the knowledge on how the body coordinates local and systemic immune responses.

Paradoxical Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Liver Injury and Regeneration after Sterile Acute Hepatic Failure.

Acetaminophen (APAP) poisoning is one of the leading causes of acute hepatic failure and liver transplantation is often the only lifesaving alternative. During the course of hepatocyte necrosis, an intense accumulation of neutrophils is often observed within the liver microenvironment. Despite the classic idea that neutrophil accumulation in tissues causes collateral tissue damage, there is a growing body of evidence showing that neutrophils can also orchestrate the resolution of inflammation.

Immune and metabolic shifts during neonatal development reprogram liver identity and function.

Background & Aims: The liver is the main hematopoietic site in embryos, becoming a crucial organ in both immunity and metabolism in adults. However, how the liver adapts both the immune system and enzymatic profile to challenges in the postnatal period remains elusive. We aimed to identify the mechanisms underlying this adaptation.

Applicability of a novel mathematical model for the prediction of adult height and age at menarche in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty.

Objectives: Unfavorable predicted adult height and psychosocial inadequacy represent parameters used to guide therapeutic intervention in girls with central precocious puberty. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog is the first-line treatment. The aim of this study was to compare two methods used to predict adult height and assess a validated tool for predicting the age at menarche in girls with central precocious puberty.

Topical action of Buriti oil (Mauritia flexuosa L.) in myositis induced in rats.

Purpose: To analyze the topical effects of Buriti oil (Mauritia flexuosa L.) in induced myositis in rats.

Methods: Thirty six male rats divided into three groups: Control group (C), induced myositis group (MI) and induced myositis group reated with Mauritia flexuosa L.

IFN-γ-Dependent Recruitment of CD4(+) T Cells and Macrophages Contributes to Pathogenesis During Leishmania amazonensis Infection.

Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a key factor in the protection of hosts against intracellular parasites. This cytokine induces parasite killing through nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production by phagocytes. Surprisingly, during Leishmania amazonensis infection, IFN-γ plays controversial roles.

Engineering biological systems toward a sustainable bioeconomy.

The nature of our major global risks calls for sustainable innovations to decouple economic growth from greenhouse gases emission. The development of sustainable technologies has been negatively impacted by several factors including sugar production costs, production scale, economic crises, hydraulic fracking development and the market inability to capture externality costs. However, advances in engineering of biological systems allow bridging the gap between exponential growth of knowledge about biology and the creation of sustainable value chains for a broad range of economic sectors.

The multifaceted role of commensal microbiota in homeostasis and gastrointestinal diseases.

The gastrointestinal tract houses a complex and diverse community of microbes. In recent years, an increased understanding of the importance of intestinal microbiota for human physiology has been gained. In the steady state, commensal microorganisms have a symbiotic relationship with the host and possess critical and distinct functions, including directly influencing immunity.

Annual, seasonal and spatial abundance of the seabob shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Decapoda, Penaeidae) off the Southeastern coast of Brazil.

We investigated the influence of environmental factors in spatial and temporal distribution of the seabob shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri in Santos Bay and São Vicente Estuary, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Monthly samples were obtained, from May 2008 through April 2010, from four locations in the estuary and four in the bay. No individual was collected in the estuary and this was attributed to the low salinity means recorded in this environment.