Interfering factors in the diagnosis of Senecavirus A.

Background: Senecavirus A (SV-A) is an RNA virus that belongs to the genus Senecavirus within the family Picornaviridae. This study aimed to analyze factors that can influence the molecular diagnosis of Senecavirus A, such as oligonucleotides, RNA extraction methods, and RT-qPCR kits.

Methods: Samples from suspected cases of vesicular disease in Brazilian pigs were analyzed for foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease, and vesicular stomatitis.

Genetic differentiation of Megalocytivirus by real time PCR and sequencing.

Background: Megalocytiviruses (MCV) are double-stranded DNA viruses that infect fish. Two species within the genus are epidemiologically important for fish farming: red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) and infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV). The objective of this work was to study regions that allow the differentiation and correct diagnosis of RSIV and ISKNV.

Phylodynamics of Alagoas vesiculovirus in Brazil.

The vesicular stomatitis virus belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family, genus Vesiculovirus. Four species (New Jersey, Indiana, Cocal, and Alagoas) are responsible for disease outbreaks in Western Hemisphere countries. In Brazil, the Alagoas virus is responsible for the main outbreaks of the disease, mainly in the states of the Northeast, Midwest, and Southeast regions of the country.

Detection of megalocytivirus in Oreochromis niloticus and Pseudoplatystoma corruscans in Brazil.

The infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) belongs to the genus Megalocytivirus (MCV), a group of double-stranded DNA genome viruses. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze samples from suspected foci of MCV infection in freshwater fish in Brazil. Samples were collected from infected fish between 2017 and 2021.

Phylodynamics of classical swine fever virus in Brazil.

The classical swine fever virus is the etiologic agent of one of the diseases with the greatest impact on swine farming worldwide. An extensive area of Brazil is considered free of the disease, but some states in Northeast Brazil have registered outbreaks since 2001. The objective of this study was to analyze the genetic variations of the virus and its spread over time and space.

Validation of molecular diagnostics for the detection of pseudocowpox virus.

The pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) is recognized for causing exanthematic lesions in cattle and humans. The diagnosis is important because it is a zoonosis and its clinical signs can be confused with foot-and-mouth disease, a high-impact bovine disease in livestock. The objective of this work is to validate a SYBR Green qPCR and a conventional PCR for virus detection in bovine samples.

Evaluation of three different genomic regions for detection of bovine leukemia virus by real-time PCR.

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an oncogenic member of the genus Deltaretrovirus. BLV infects cattle worldwide and is responsible for significant economic losses. The objective of this study was to validate real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for the detection of BLV.

Outbreaks of Vesicular Stomatitis in Brazil caused by a distinct lineage of Alagoas vesiculovirus.

This article describes the recurrence of outbreaks of Vesicular Stomatitis in the State of Maranhão, Brazil. The procedures for treating the outbreak of vesicular disease, sample collection, laboratory tests performed, and the results obtained were described. The clinical signs and observed injuries have been described.

Study of molecular diagnosis and viremia of bluetongue virus in sheep and cattle.

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an RNA virus that infects cattle and sheep. The objective of this study was to compare two real-time PCRs for the detection of BTV and to monitor Orbivirus viremia in sheep and cattle for 6 months. The PCR results showed the occurrence of infected animals throughout the experiment without records of clinical signs.

Evidence for current circulation of an ancient West Nile virus strain (NY99) in Brazil.

Introduction: In Brazil, West Nile virus (WNV) was first detected, in 2018, in horses with neurological disease.

Aim: We report the first case of WNV infection in a horse from Ceará state and the complete genome sequence of an isolate from Espírito Santo state. Both infections occurred in 2019.

A molecular survey using a validated real-time PCR assay finds no evidence of bovine alphaherpesvirus 2 in samples from animals with suspected vesicular disease in Brazil between 2014 and 2017.

Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2 (BoHV-2) is the etiologic agent of bovine mammillitis (BM) and pseudo-lumpy skin disease. BM is also important because its clinical presentation can be confused with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), making it necessary to establish differential diagnoses and perform additional laboratory tests. The objective of this work was to use a validated real-time PCR assay to test for the presence of BoHV-2 in samples from cattle and buffalo with suspected vesicular disease in Brazil.

Validation of a real-time PCR assay for detection of swinepox virus.

Swine are the only known hosts of swinepox virus (SWPV), the sole member of the genus Suipoxvirus, family Poxviridae. Rapid diagnosis is recommended for appropriate interventions because of the high morbidity associated with this virus. This study describes a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for rapid detection and quantification of SWPV.

Quantification of ovine herpesvirus 2 by digital PCR in an outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever.

Infection with ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) is generally asymptomatic in sheep; however, when it crosses the species barrier, it causes malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in cattle. In the present study, we developed a real-time PCR assay and a droplet digital PCR assay and use both methods to study an outbreak caused by OvHV-2. Both PCR methods showed high sensitivity and specificity and were able to detect low copy numbers of OvHV-2 in sheep and cattle.

A common vaginal microbiota composition among breeds of Bos taurus indicus (Gyr and Nellore).

Describing the bovine vaginal microbiota is essential to better understand its physiology and its impact on health maintenance. Despite the economic importance of reproduction of these animals, bovine vaginal microbial community is still poorly described in comparison with rumen microbiome. Previous studies of our group described the vaginal microbiota of Nellore, an important Bos taurus indicus breed, using metagenomics.

Development of a droplet digital RT-PCR for the quantification of foot-and-mouth virus RNA.

Foot-and-mouth-disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of domestic animals which can result in substantial economic losses, caused by the FMD virus (FMDV). The aim of this study was to develop and standardize a novel reverse transcriptase droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR) assay for the quantification of FMDV RNA. This assay was based upon an OIE-recognized real-time RT-PCR that detects the 3D-encoding region of FMDV.

Development and validation of rt-qpcr for vesicular stomatitis virus detection (Alagoas vesiculovirus).

Vesicular stomatitis is an infectious disease that occurs mainly in countries of the Western Hemisphere and affects cattle, swine and horses. The clinical symptoms in cattle and swine are similar to foot-and-mouth disease and include vesicular ulceration of the tongue and mouth. The disease requires a rapid and accurate differential diagnosis, aiming for immediate implementation of control measures.

Spread of poxviruses in livestock in Brazil associated with cases of double and triple infection.

The objective of this work is to describe the distribution of outbreaks of vaccinia virus (VACV), pseudocowpox virus (PCPV), and bovine papular stomatitis virus (BSPV) in Brazil. The Official Laboratory of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture received 89 samples from different locations in Brazil in 2015 and 2016 for diagnosis of vesicular and exanthematous disease. Poxvirus coinfections occurred in 11 out of 33 outbreaks, including the first reported triple infection by BPSV, PCPV, and VACV.

Detection of pseudocowpox virus in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) with vesicular disease in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, in 2016.

Background: Parapoxviruses are zoonotic viruses that infect cattle, goats and sheep; there have also been reports of infections in camels, domestic cats and seals.

Objective: The objective of this report was to describe a case of vesicular disease caused by pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Brazil.

Animals: Sixty buffalo less than 6 months old exhibited ulcers and widespread peeling of the tongue epithelium.

Molecular epidemiology of senecavirus A associated with vesicular disease in pigs in Brazil.

Senecavirus A (SV-A) may cause vesicular disease and neonatal mortality in pigs, and was first detected in Brazil in 2015. Samples including tissues and serum from pigs with suspected vesicular diseases were collected from January to August in 2015 from farms in the states of Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina, Goiás and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and tested for the presence of SV-A by reverse transcriptase PCR. All samples were negative for foot and mouth disease virus, as well as 13 other infectious agents associated with vesicular diseases in pigs.

Detection of multiple viral infections in cattle and buffalo with suspected vesicular disease in Brazil.

Vesicular diseases are of high importance for livestock, primarily because of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which is a high-morbidity disease that generates direct losses caused by low milk production, weight loss, and indirect losses because of the need for sanitary barriers. Other vesicular diseases are also of importance for livestock because of direct impacts or because their clinical signs may be confused with those of FMD. We report herein the detection of multiple infections in cattle with suspected vesicular disease in the Brazilian states of Amazonas (AM), Mato Grosso (MT), and Roraima.

Vaginal Microbiome Characterization of Nellore Cattle Using Metagenomic Analysis.

Understanding of microbial communities inhabiting cattle vaginal tract may lead to a better comprehension of bovine physiology and reproductive health being of great economic interest. Up to date, studies involving cattle microbiota are focused on the gastrointestinal tract, and little is known about the vaginal microbiota. This study aimed to investigate the vaginal microbiome in Nellore cattle, heifers and cows, pregnant and non-pregnant, using a culture independent approach.