Gut microbiota carcinogen metabolism causes distal tissue tumours.

Exposure to environmental pollutants and human microbiome composition are important predisposition factors for tumour development. Similar to drug molecules, pollutants are typically metabolized in the body, which can change their carcinogenic potential and affect tissue distribution through altered toxicokinetics. Although recent studies demonstrated that human-associated microorganisms can chemically convert a wide range of xenobiotics and influence the profile and tissue exposure of resulting metabolites, the effect of microbial biotransformation on chemical-induced tumour development remains unclear.

Paternal microbiome perturbations impact offspring fitness.

The gut microbiota operates at the interface of host-environment interactions to influence human homoeostasis and metabolic networks. Environmental factors that unbalance gut microbial ecosystems can therefore shape physiological and disease-associated responses across somatic tissues. However, the systemic impact of the gut microbiome on the germline-and consequently on the F offspring it gives rise to-is unexplored.

Bioaccumulation of therapeutic drugs by human gut bacteria.

Bacteria in the gut can modulate the availability and efficacy of therapeutic drugs. However, the systematic mapping of the interactions between drugs and bacteria has only started recently and the main underlying mechanism proposed is the chemical transformation of drugs by microorganisms (biotransformation). Here we investigated the depletion of 15 structurally diverse drugs by 25 representative strains of gut bacteria.

Anabolic treatments in bovines: quantification of plasma protein markers of dexamethasone administration.

The aim of this study was to profile plasma proteome responses in bulls experimentally treated with dexamethasone at anabolic dosage. Illicit use of active substances in animal husbandry remains a matter of concern in Europe. Corticosteroids are probably one of the most widespread growth promoter family illegally used in beef cattle and veal calves.

A novel tool to screen for treatments with clenbuterol in bovine: Identification of two hepatic markers by metabolomics investigation.

Surveillance of illegal use of growth promoters such as β-agonists in food producing animals rely on the detection of drug residues by LC-MS/MS. Screening strategies focusing on indirect physiological responses following administration of active compounds are promising approaches to strengthen existing targeted methods and ensure food safety. A metabolomics analysis based on LC-HRMS was carried out on liver extracts from bulls experimentally treated with clenbuterol combined with dexamethasone (n = 8) to mimic a potential anabolic practice, and control animals (n = 8).

Identification and characterization of a spreadable IncI1 plasmid harbouring a bla gene in an Italian human isolate of Salmonella serovar Napoli.

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Napoli (S. Napoli) ranks among the top serovars causing human infections in Italy, although not common in other European countries.

The Interplay between Campylobacter and the Caecal Microbial Community of Commercial Broiler Chickens over Time.

is the most frequent foodborne zoonotic bacteria worldwide, with chicken meat being overwhelmingly the most important reservoir for human infections. Control measures implemented at the farm level (i.e.

Effect of sterilization on the canine vaginal microbiota: a pilot study.

Background: Surgical sterilization is the most effective method of contraception for dogs. It also prevents pyometra and reduces the risk of mammary tumour development. However, this procedure also has negative effects, such as urinary incontinence.

Insight into an outbreak of Salmonella Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf in wild boars.

An unusual mortality of wild boars occurred in Italy from 2012 to 2015 due to Salmonella Choleraesuis infection. In order to confirm the occurrence of an outbreak of S. Choleraesuis in wild boars and to epidemically characterise the unique S.

Characterizing Serovar Choleraesuis, var. Kunzendorf: A Comparative Case Study.

Different serovars generally display different antigenic , but there are some exceptions. For instance, the same antigenic , 6,7:c:1,5, is shared by serovar, Paratyphi C, Typhisuis, and Choleraesuis. Moreover, three biotypes have been described within the .

TMT-Based Proteomics Profiling of Bovine Liver Underscores Protein Markers of Anabolic Treatments.

Illegal use of growth promoter compounds in food production exposes consumers to health risk. Surveillance of such practices is based on direct detection of drugs or related metabolites by HPLC-MS/MS. Screening strategies focusing on indirect biological responses are considered promising tools to improve surveillance.

Assessing antimicrobial resistance gene load in vegan, vegetarian and omnivore human gut microbiota.

Massive antimicrobial use in animal farming is considered as the greatest contributor to the presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) in food of animal origin. Nevertheless, sewage from treated animals may impact on vegetables grown on fertilised fields, but it is largely unknown whether and to what extent ARB are transferred to vegetables and the human gut. It could be hypothesised that food of animal and vegetal origin have a different role in ARB transfer to the human gut and that different diets could be characterised by different antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG) loads.

A Comparative Genomic Analysis Provides Novel Insights Into the Ecological Success of the Monophasic Serovar 4,[5],12:i:

Over the past decades, 4,[5],12:i:- has rapidly emerged and it is isolated with high frequency in the swine food chain. Although many studies have documented the epidemiological success of this serovar, few investigations have tried to explain this phenomenon from a genetic perspective. Here a comparative whole-genome analysis of 50 epidemiologically unrelated .

Assessing the Influence of Vegan, Vegetarian and Omnivore Oriented Westernized Dietary Styles on Human Gut Microbiota: A Cross Sectional Study.

Diet and lifestyle have a strong influence on gut microbiota, which in turn has important implications on a variety of health-related aspects. Despite great advances in the field, it remains unclear to which extent the composition of the gut microbiota is modulated by the intake of animal derived products, compared to a vegetable based diet. Here the specific impact of vegan, vegetarian, and omnivore feeding type on the composition of gut microbiota of 101 adults was investigated among groups homogeneous for variables known to have a role in modulating gut microbial composition such as age, anthropometric variables, ethnicity, and geographic area.

Vaccine immune pressure influences viral population complexity of avian influenza virus during infection.

Vaccines are useful tools to control influenza A virus infection in poultry, but they need to be periodically reformulated to guarantee appropriate protection from infection and to limit viral replication and circulation, which could favour the emergence of new variants. In this study, a deep sequencing approach was used to characterize and follow the evolution of the hemagglutinin of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viral population in infected animals vaccinated with two vaccines conferring different protection levels. Results from this preliminary investigation suggested that the evolution of the viral population, as well as the abundance and heterogeneity of minority variants could be influenced by the immune pressure conferred by vaccination.

Measuring the diversity of the human microbiota with targeted next-generation sequencing.

The human microbiota is a complex ecological community of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms harboured by the human body. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, in particular targeted amplicon sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S-seq), are enabling the identification and quantification of human-resident microorganisms at unprecedented resolution, providing novel insights into the role of the microbiota in health and disease. Once microbial abundances are quantified through NGS data analysis, diversity indices provide valuable mathematical tools to describe the ecological complexity of a single sample or to detect species differences between samples.

White matter and task-switching in young adults: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging study.

The capacity to flexibly switch between different task rules has been previously associated with distributed fronto-parietal networks, predominantly in the left hemisphere for phasic switching sub-processes, and in the right hemisphere for more tonic aspects of task-switching, such as rule maintenance and management. It is thus likely that the white matter (WM) connectivity between these regions is critical in sustaining the flexibility required by task-switching. This study examined the relationship between WM microstructure in young adults and task-switching performance in different paradigms: classical shape-color, spatial and grammatical tasks.

Preparation and evaluation of the in vitro erythroid differentiation induction properties of some esters of methyl 3,4-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-galactopyranoside and 2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-mannofuranose.

Two series of glycide esters of short fatty acids, designed for avoiding intramolecular transesterification, were prepared and tested for in vitro erythroid differentiation induction activities using the K562 cell line as experimental system. The 6-O-isobutiryl and pivaloyl derivatives of methyl 3,4-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-galactopyranosides as well the same 1-O-esters of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-alpha- and beta-D-mannofuranose exhibit biological activities much higher that the corresponding acids and could be proposed as possible agents to modulate production of embryo-fetal hemoglobins by human erythroid cells.

Human papillomavirus infection and associated cervical disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women: effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy.

To determine the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infections and related cervical lesions, the virologic and cytologic markers of HPV infection were prospectively studied in 163 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women, including 27 untreated, 62 treated with reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and 74 treated with HAART. A high prevalence of both infections with HR-HPV types (68%) and squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs; low grade, 20.2%; high grade, 6.

Primary HIV infection: molecular approaches in diagnosis and monitoring.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate, in patients with primary HIV infection (PHI), the modification of HIV molecular parameters (HIV, RNA, and DNA) induced by highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and in lymphoid tissue (LNMC).

Methods: Nineteen patients with primary HIV infection, 4 women and 15 men with an average age of 35 years (range 27-62), were included in this study. Ten patients received 4 drugs: zidovudine plus lamivudine plus saquinavir plus ritonavir, 7 patients received 3 drugs: zidovudine plus lamivudine plus saquinavir and 2 patients received a different combination of 3 drugs: zidovudine plus lamivudine plus indinavir.

Viral load and burden modification following early antiretroviral therapy of primary HIV-1 infection.

Objective: The aim of this study was to monitor the effect on viral DNA and RNA of early treatment with highly aggressive antiretroviral therapy (HAART), in comparison with zidovudine (ZDV) monotherapy or no treatment in subjects with primary HIV-1 infection (PHI).

Design And Methods: Of the 28 patients selected, four were untreated, four received ZDV alone, 10 received a triple combination (ZDV, lamivudine (3TC) and saquinavir (SQV)) and 10 received a quadruple combination (ZDV, 3TC, SQV and ritonavir (RTV)). Seroconversion was monitored by means of Western blot profile analysis.

Evaluation of the detection of human papillomavirus genotypes in cervical specimens by hybrid capture as screening for precancerous lesions in HIV-positive women.

Given the frequency and persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and associated cytological alterations in HIV-1-positive women, the incidence of uterine cervix neoplasm is likely to increase along with patient survival. More appropriate screening programs, which, in addition to Pap smears (PS), also include tests to detect and type HPV, are needed for the early identification of precancerous cervical lesions. This prospective study involved 168 HIV-positive (group A) and 100 HIV-negative women (group B).