The Combination of Buparvaquone and ELQ316 Exhibit a Stronger Effect than ELQ316 and Imidocarb Against In Vitro.

Bovine babesiosis is a vector-borne disease transmitted by ticks that causes important losses in livestock worldwide. Recent research performed on the drugs currently used to control bovine babesiosis reported several issues including drug resistance, toxicity impact, and residues in edible tissue, suggesting the need for developing novel effective therapies. The endochin-like quinolones ELQ-316 and buparvaquone (BPQ) act as cytochrome 1 inhibitors and have been proven to be safe and efficacious against related apicomplexans, such as spp.

Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) does not transmit Babesia bovis, a causative agent of cattle fever.

The Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis) was first reported in the United States in 2017 and has since been detected in at least 17 states. This tick infests cattle and can produce large populations quickly due to its parthenogenetic nature, leading to significant livestock mortalities and economic losses. While H.

Development and Application of an In Vitro Tick Feeding System to Identify Tick Environment-Induced Genes of the Lyme Disease Agent, .

The bacterial agent of Lyme disease, , exists in an enzootic cycle by adapting to dissimilar mammalian and tick environments. The genetic elements necessary for host and vector adaptation are spread across a bacterial genome comprised of a linear chromosome and essential linear and circular plasmids. The promoter trap system, In Vivo Expression Technology (IVET), has been used to identify promoters of that are transcriptionally active specifically during infection of a murine host.

Nilgai antelope display no signs of infection upon experimental challenge with a virulent Babesia bovis strain.

Background: Bovine babesiosis is caused by infection with the protozoal parasite Babesia bovis, which is transmitted by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. It can cause mortality rates up to 90% in immunologically naive Bos taurus cattle. In south Texas, R.

Expression of sex-specific molecular markers by Babesia bovis gametes.

Background: Bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis is one of the most important tick-borne diseases of cattle in tropical and subtropical regions. Babesia bovis parasites have a complex lifecycle, including development within the mammalian host and tick vector. In the tick midgut, extracellular Babesia parasites transform into gametes that fuse to form zygotes.

Immunization of cattle with a chitinase peptide containing predicted B-cell epitopes reduces tick biological fitness.

, the cattle fever tick, is the most important ectoparasite impacting the livestock industry worldwide. Overreliance on chemical treatments for tick control has led to the emergence of acaricide-resistant ticks and environmental contamination. An immunological strategy based on vaccines offers an alternative approach to tick control.

Vaccination with an culture attenuated strain safely protects highly susceptible adult cattle against acute bovine babesiosis.

Introduction: Live attenuated vaccines produced by sequential passages in splenectomized calves have historically been used to control acute bovine babesiosis in endemic areas worldwide. However, several constraints prevent the widespread use of these vaccines, including the need for several splenectomized calves to produce vaccine batches, and potential inconsistent parasite attenuation, which contraindicates their use for highly -susceptible adult cattle. Thus, the use of vaccines based on well-defined culture attenuated strains emerges as a more sustainable and efficient alternative.

Dielectric characterization of Babesia bovis using the dielectrophoretic crossover frequency.

Coinfection with the tick-transmitted pathogen Babesia spp. is becoming a serious health problem because of the erythrocyte invasion through Ixodes scapularis tick. The transmission of this protozoan by blood transfusion often results in high morbidity and mortality in recipients.

Spherical Body Protein 4 from : A Novel Gene That Contains Conserved B-Cell Epitopes and Induces Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Antibodies in .

Bovine babesiosis is a tick-transmitted disease caused by intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites of the genus . Its main causative agents in the Americas are and while affects cattle in Asia. All species secrete proteins stored in organelles of the apical complex, which are involved in all steps of the invasion process of vertebrate host cells.

Differential paired stage-specific expression of Babesia bovis cysteine-rich GCC2/GCC3 domain family proteins (BboGDP) during development within Rhipicephalus microplus.

Background: Babesia bovis, an intra-erythrocytic apicomplexan parasite, is one of the causative agents of bovine babesiosis, the most important tick-borne disease of cattle in tropical and subtropical regions. Babesia bovis has a complex life-cycle that includes sexual development within the tick vector. The development of a transmission blocking vaccine to control bovine babesiosis requires the identification of antigens displayed on the surface of the parasite during its development within tick vectors.

Comparison of high throughput RNA sequences between and revealed consistent differential gene expression that is required for the life cycle in the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.

Bovine babesiosis caused by and is an economically important disease that affects cattle worldwide. Both and are transovarially transmitted by ticks. However, little is known regarding parasite gene expression during infection of the tick vector or mammalian host, which has limited the development of effective control strategies to alleviate the losses to the cattle industry.

Identification of novel immune correlates of protection against acute bovine babesiosis by superinfecting cattle with culture attenuated and virulent strains.

The apicomplexan tickborne parasites and are the major causative agents of bovine babesiosis, a disease that negatively affects the cattle industry and food safety around the world. The absence of correlates of protection represents one major impediment for the development of effective and sustainable vaccines against bovine babesiosis. Herein we superinfected cattle with attenuated and virulent strains of to investigate immune correlates of protection against acute bovine babesiosis.

Thrombospondin-Related Anonymous Protein (TRAP) Family Expression by Life Stages within the Mammalian Host and Tick Vector.

The tick-transmitted disease bovine babesiosis causes significant economic losses in many countries around the world. Current control methods include modified live-attenuated vaccines that have limited efficacy. Recombinant proteins could provide effective, safe, and low-cost alternative vaccines.

A Transfected Parasite Line Expressing eGFP Is Able to Complete the Full Life Cycle of the Parasite in Mammalian and Tick Hosts.

Bovine babesiosis is caused by apicomplexan pathogens of the genus , including . This protozoan parasite has a complex life cycle involving dynamic changes to its transcriptome during the transition between the invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Studying the role of genes upregulated by tick stage parasites has been hindered by the lack of appropriate tools to study parasite gene products in the invertebrate host.

Infection of Primary Midgut Cell Culture Is Dependent on Fucosylated Glycans.

Tick midgut is the primary infection site required by tick-borne pathogens to initiate their development for transmission. Despite the biological significance of this organ, cell cultures derived exclusively from tick midgut tissues are unavailable and protocols for generating primary midgut cell cultures have not been described. To study the mechanism of -tick cell interactions, we successfully developed an primary midgut cell culture system.

Unraveling the Complexity of the Rhomboid Serine Protease 4 Family of Using Bioinformatics and Experimental Studies.

Babesia bovis, a tick-transmitted apicomplexan protozoon, infects cattle in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. In the apicomplexans Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum, rhomboid serine protease 4 (ROM4) fulfills an essential role in host cell invasion. We thus investigated B.

Serological and molecular detection of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in Mexico: A prospective study.

Equine piroplasmosis is a disease of horses, mules and donkeys, caused by the hemoprotozoans Babesia caballi and Theileria equi and transmitted by ticks of tropical and subtropical regions. Because the clinical signs are not specific, the diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis is difficult. In Mexico, where the environmental factors are conducive to the persistence of these pathogens, there is a lack of molecular studies to evaluate the occurrence of both parasites in horses.

A Culture-Adapted Strain of Has Reduced Subpopulation Complexity and Is Unable to Complete Its Natural Life Cycle in Ticks.

natural field strains are composed of several geno-phenotypically distinct subpopulations. This feature, together with possible epigenetic modifications, may facilitate adaptation to variable environmental conditions. In this study we compare geno-phenotypical features among long-term (more than 12 years) (LTCP) and short-term cultured parasites (STCP) derived from the S74-T3Bo strain.

Immunization against a Conserved Surface Polysaccharide Stimulates Bovine Antibodies with Opsonic Killing Activity but Does Not Protect against Challenge.

Arthropod-borne apicomplexan pathogens remain a great concern and challenge for disease control in animals and humans. In order to prevent infection, the discovery of antigens that elicit protective immunity is essential to establish approaches to stop disease dissemination. In this study, we determined that poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) is conserved among tick-borne pathogens including , , , and WA1.

Isolation of infectious Theileria parva sporozoites secreted by infected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks into an in vitro tick feeding system.

Background: Vector-borne diseases pose an increasing threat to global food security. Vaccines, diagnostic tests, and therapeutics are urgently needed for tick-borne diseases that affect livestock. However, the inability to obtain significant quantities of pathogen stages derived from ticks has hindered research.

Differential expression of calcium-dependent protein kinase 4, tubulin tyrosine ligase, and methyltransferase by xanthurenic acid-induced Babesia bovis sexual stages.

Background: Babesia bovis is one of the most significant tick-transmitted pathogens of cattle worldwide. Babesia bovis parasites have a complex lifecycle, including development within the mammalian host and tick vector. Each life stage has developmental forms that differ in morphology and metabolism.

Establishment of In Vitro Culture Using Medium Free of Animal Products.

, an etiological agent of bovine babesiosis, causes a significant burden to the cattle industry worldwide. The most efficient method to mitigate bovine babesiosis is a live vaccine produced by serial passage in splenectomized cattle. However, there are several concerns regarding live vaccine production, including variation between batches and the use of many animals.

Stray Mexico origin cattle captured crossing into Southern Texas carry Babesia bovis and other tick-borne pathogens.

Cattle fever ticks, Rhipicephalus microplus and R. annulatus have been eradicated from the United States and inspectors from the U.S.