E-participation in policy-making for health: a scoping review protocol.

Introduction: For the general public, e-participation represents a potential solution to the challenges associated with in-person participation in health policy-making processes. By fostering democratic engagement, e-participation can enhance civic legitimacy and trust in public institutions. However, despite its importance, there is currently a gap in the literature regarding a comprehensive synthesis of studies on various aspects of e-participation in the health policy domain.

Beneficial effect of metformin on tolerance to analgesic effects of sodium salicylate in male rats.

Background: Tolerance to the analgesic effects of opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is a major concern for relieving pain. Thus, it is highly valuable to find new pharmacological strategies for prolonged therapeutic procedures. Biguanide-type drugs such as metformin (MET) are effective for neuroprotection and can be beneficial for addressing opioid tolerance in the treatment of chronic pain.

Orexin-1 Receptor Antagonist SB-334867 Enhances Formalin-Induced Nociceptive Behaviors in Adult Male Rats.

Background: Orexin (hypocretin) is one of the hypothalamic neuropeptides that plays a critical role in some behaviors including feeding, sleep, arousal, reward processing, and drug addiction. Neurons that produce orexin are scattered mediolaterally within the Dorsomedial Hypothalamus (DMH) and the lateral hypothalamus. In the current research, we assessed the impact of prolonged application of the antagonist of Orexin Receptor 1 (OXR1) on nociceptive behaviors in adult male rats.

Heterosynaptic plasticity-induced modulation of synapses.

Plasticity is a common feature of synapses that is stated in different ways and occurs through several mechanisms. The regular action of the brain needs to be balanced in several neuronal and synaptic features, one of which is synaptic plasticity. The different homeostatic processes, including the balance between excitation/inhibition or homeostasis of synaptic weights at the single-neuron level, may obtain this.

The Implication of Hypocretin in Drug Abuse and Arousal in the Brain Stem.

Hypocretin (orexin, Hcrt) neurons located in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) project widely into the brain and are thus responsible for the physiological action of the hypocretin complex. Hypocretin is involved in both arousal and addiction, and brainstem areas such as the locus coeruleus (LC), paragigantocellularis (PGi), and dorsal raphe (DR) contribute to these functions. In the present review, we focus on the effect of Hcrt on drug abuse and arousal in the brainstem.

Contribution of the intra-hippocampal orexin system in the regulation of restraint stress response to pain-related behaviors in the formalin test.

Stress-induced antinociception (SIA) is due to the activation of several neural pathways and neurotransmitters that often suppress pain perception. Studies have shown that the orexin neuropeptide system is essential in pain modulation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of orexinergic receptors in the hippocampal CA1 region in modulating SIA response during the formalin test as an animal model of inflammatory pain.

Targeting memory loss with aspirin, a molecular mechanism perspective for future therapeutic approaches.

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), also known as aspirin, was discovered in 1897 as an acetylated form of salicylate. It has been widely used for its anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet effects. It is commonly used for its cardiovascular benefits and is prescribed as secondary prophylaxis after a heart attack.

A Review of the Physiological Role of Hypocretin in the Ventral Tegmental Area in Reward and Drug Dependence.

Orexin (OX, hypocretin: HCRT) as a neuropeptide is produced in a distinct population of neurons in the posterior lateral hypothalamus (LH). OX neurons implicate in reward function. OX makes a main input from the hypothalamus to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain.

Comparative investigation of analgesic tolerance to taurine, sodium salicylate and morphine: Involvement of peripheral muscarinic receptors.

Nowadays various analgesic medications are used for the management of acute and chronic pain. Among these opioid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs stand in the first line of therapy, however, prolonged administration of these substance is generally challenged by development of analgesic tolerance in patients. Therefore, it is highly valuable to find new pharmacological strategies for prolonged therapeutic procedures.

PPARγ activation improved learning and memory and attenuated oxidative stress in the hippocampus and cortex of aged rats.

Oxidative stress has an important role in brain aging and its consequences include cognitive decline and physiological disorders. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) activation has been suggested to decrease oxidative stress. In the current research, the effect of PPARγ activation by pioglitazone(Pio) on learning, memory and oxidative stress was evaluated in aged rats.

Preventive impacts of vitamin C on memory damage caused by unpredictable chronic mild stress in relation to biochemical parameters in the hippocampus of male rats.

The present study focused on examining the impact of vitamin C (Vit C) administration on the function of memory and the status of oxidative stress (OS) in the hippocampal area of the brain using an unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) model in rats. To this end, 50 male Wistar rats (11-12 weeks of age at the start of the study) were assigned to five groups of six animals, including control, UCMS, UCMS + Vit C 50 mg/Kg, UCMS + Vit C 100 mg/Kg, and UCMS + Vit C 400 mg/Kg. The animals received daily intraperitoneal injections of Vit C at a certain time (9 am) before the initiation of a stressor.

Neural correlates and potential targets for the contribution of orexin to addiction in cortical and subcortical areas.

The orexin (hypocretin) is one of the hypothalamic neuropeptides that plays a critical role in some behaviors including feeding, sleep, arousal, reward processing, and drug addiction. This variety of functions can be described by a united function for orexins in translating states of heightened motivation, for example during physiological requirement states or following exposure to reward opportunities, into planned goal-directed behaviors. An addicted state is characterized by robust activation of orexin neurons from the environment, which triggers downstream circuits to facilitate behavior directed towards obtaining the drug.

The genetic factors contributing to the risk of cleft lip-cleft palate and their clinical utility.

Cleft lip and cleft palate (CL/P) are among the most common congenital malformations in neonates and have syndromic or nonsyndromic forms. Nonsyndromic forms of malformation are being reported to be associated with chromosomal DNA modification by teratogenic exposure and to complex genetic contributions of multiple genes. Syndromic forms are shown to be related to chromosomal aberrations or monogenic diseases.

The Role of 5-HT1A Receptors and Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase in a Seizur Induced Kindling Model in Rats.

Background And Objective: Dentate gyrus (DG) has a high density of 5-HT1A receptors. It has neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which is involved in neural excitability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of 5-HT1A receptors and nNOS of DG in perforant path kindling model of epilepsy.

Addiction-induced plasticity in underlying neural circuits.

Synaptic plasticity, the substrate for learning, has been established in neural reward circuits and might involve in the learning of addictive behaviors. Long-term exposure to addictive drugs caused long-lasting memories of the drug experience. The main clinical problem that involves the persistence of addiction is a relapse that is resulted from the exposure to cues of the drug experience.

Anticonvulsive and anti-epileptogenesis effects of root extract, an involvement of CB2 receptor.

Objectives: Phytocannabinoids beyond the Δ9-tetrahy-drocannabinol have shown anticonvulsive effects. Also, alkylamides from have been proved as cannabinomimetics. We examined the effect of the hydroalcoholic root extract of on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced tonic-clonic seizures and kindling model of epileptogenesis and the involvement of CB2 receptors as the mediator of this effect.

Non-selective COX inhibitors impair memory formation and short-term but not long-term synaptic plasticity.

Cyclooxygenase (COX) plays a critical role in synaptic plasticity. Therefore, long-term administration of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and its main metabolite, salicylate, as a COX inhibitor may impair synaptic plasticity and subsequently memory formation. Although different studies have tried to explain the effects of ASA and sodium salicylate (SS) on learning and memory, the results are contradictory and the mechanisms are not exactly known.

Persistent effects of the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 on naloxone precipitated morphine withdrawal symptoms and nociceptive behaviors in morphine dependent rats.

Aim Of The Study: In this study, we investigated the effect of long-term administration of orexin receptor 1 (OXR1) antagonist on naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal symptoms and nociceptive behaviors in morphine-dependent rats.

Materials And Methods: Wistar rats received subcutaneous (s.c.

Effects of aqueous extract of on seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole and hippocampus mRNA level of iNOS in rats.

Objective: We examined the effectiveness of (hyssop) aqueous extract on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced acute seizures and the hippocampus (inducible nitric oxide synthases) gene expression as a potential mediator of the effects.

Materials And Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were used. Tonic-clonic seizures were induced by intraperitoneal (i.

Long-term potentiation enhancing effect of epileptic insult in the CA1 area is dependent on prior-application of primed-burst stimulation.

Herein field recordings were utilized to test the effects of a transient period of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) treatment on theta-burst long-term potentiation (LTP) at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses as well as RT-PCR was used to investigate the effects of the combination of the pharmacological treatment and the theta-burst LTP induction on the expression of NMDA subunit mRNA in hippocampal slices. The slope of field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) was unaffected while the population spike amplitude and area were increased by a transient period of PTZ treatment (3 mM, 10 min). After a theta burst, a brief PTZ exposure can lead to an enhancement of LTP as documented by fEPSP recording.

Chronic sodium salicylate administration enhances population spike long-term potentiation following a combination of theta frequency primed-burst stimulation and the transient application of pentylenetetrazol in rat CA1 hippocampal neurons.

The effect of chronic administration of sodium salicylate (NaSal) on the excitability and synaptic plasticity of the rodent hippocampus was investigated. Repeated systemic treatment with NaSal reliably induced tolerance to the anti-nociceptive effect of NaSal (one i.p.

Endotoxemia is associated with partial uncoupling of cardiac pacemaker from cholinergic neural control in rats.

Cardiac cycle is regulated by a complex interplay between autonomic nervous system and cardiac pacemaker cells. Decreased heart rate variability (HRV) and increased cardiac rhythm regularity are associated with poor prognosis in patients with systemic inflammation (e.g.