Recent advances in electrochemical aptasensors and genosensors for the detection of pathogens.

In recent years, pathogenic microorganisms have caused significant mortality rates and antibiotic resistance and triggered exorbitant healthcare costs. These pathogens often have high transmission rates within human populations. Rapid diagnosis is crucial in controlling and reducing the spread of pathogenic infections.

Cas14a1-advanced LAMP for ultrasensitive and visual Pathogen diagnostic.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas enzymes have been widely applied for biosensor development, combined with various isothermal amplification strategies (IAS) to boost sensitivity and specificity. Currently, the unstable assay and tedious manipulation usually hinder its practical applications. Here, a Cas14a1-advanced LAMP assay (CALA) combined with Rapid Extraction of Bacterial Genomic DNA (REBGD) is proposed for pathogen detection.

Design of an electrochemical aptasensor in the presence of an array of gold nanostructure and a GO-MWCNTs nanocomposite: application in diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered one of the main progressive chronic diseases in elderly individuals. Early diagnosis using related biomarkers, specifically beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ), allows finding expected treatment routes. Here, we developed an electrochemical aptasensing platform for AD by employing a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a layer of jagged gold (JG) nanostructure (diameter: 60-185 nm) and graphene oxide-carboxylic acid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (GO-c-MWCNTs) nanocomposite.

Electrochemical Immunosensors Developed for Amyloid-Beta and Tau Proteins, Leading Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurological disease and a serious cause of dementia, which constitutes a threat to human health. The clinical evidence has found that extracellular amyloid-beta peptides (Aβ), phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and intracellular tau proteins, which are derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP), are the leading biomarkers for accurate and early diagnosis of AD due to their central role in disease pathology, their correlation with disease progression, their diagnostic value, and their implications for therapeutic interventions. Their detection and monitoring contribute significantly to understanding AD and advancing clinical care.

Paper-based electrochemical biosensors for the diagnosis of viral diseases.

Paper-based electrochemical analytical devices (ePADs) have gained significant interest as promising analytical units in recent years because they can be fabricated in simple ways, are low-cost, portable, and disposable platforms that can be applied in various fields. In this sense, paper-based electrochemical biosensors are attractive analytical devices since they can promote diagnose several diseases and potentially allow decentralized analysis. Electrochemical biosensors are versatile, as the measured signal can be improved by using mainly molecular technologies and nanomaterials to attach biomolecules, resulting in an increase in their sensitivity and selectivity.

Hybridization chain reaction cascaded amplification platform for sensitive detection of pathogen.

Rapid, sensitive, and accurate identification of pathogens is vital for preventing and controlling fish disease, reducing economic losses in aquaculture, and interrupting the spread of food-borne diseases in human populations. Herein, we proposed a hybridization chain reaction (HCR) cascaded dual-signal amplification platform for the ultrasensitive and specific detection of pathogenic microorganisms. A couple of specific primers for target bacterial 16S rRNAs were used to obtain amplified target single-stranded DNAs (AT-ssDNA).

High-throughput and specific detection of microorganisms by intelligent modular fluorescent photoelectric microbe detector.

Food safety has emerged as a major global issue. Detecting foodborne pathogenic microorganisms and controlling them is vital to guard against foodborne diseases caused by microorganisms. However, the current detection methods need to meet the demand for real-time detection on the spot after a simple operation.

Recent advances in electrochemical nanomaterial-based aptasensors for the detection of cancer biomarkers.

New technologies have provided suitable tools for rapid diagnosis of cancer which can reduce treatment costs and even increase patients' survival rates. Recently, the development of electrochemical aptamer-based nanobiosensors has raised great hopes for early, sensitive, selective, and low-cost cancer diagnosis. Here, we reviewed the flagged recent research (2021-2023) developed as a series of biosensors equipped with nanomaterials and aptamer sequences (nanoaptasensors) to diagnose/prognosis of various types of cancers.

Sandwich-like electrochemical aptasensing of heat shock protein 70 kDa (HSP70): Application in diagnosis/prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

In this research, by using aptamer-conjugated gold nanoparticles (aptamer-AuNPs) and a modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Acropora-like gold (ALG) nanostructure, a sandwich-like system provided for sensitive detection of heat shock protein 70 kDa (HSP70), which applied as a functional biomarker in diagnosis/prognosis of COVID-19. Initially, the surface of the GCE was improved with rGO and ALG nanostructures, respectively. Then, an aptamer sequence as the first part of the bioreceptor was covalently bound on the surface of the GCE/rGO/ALG nanostructures.

Electrochemical Nanomaterial-based Sensors/Biosensors for Drug Monitoring.

Determining the amount of medication used is essential for correctly managing treatment systems. The unauthorized use of drugs and the importance of determining the absorbed and required dose of drugs in target organs are essential factors that justify the design of new drug monitoring systems. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on nanomaterials have been developed for drug monitoring in the past few years.

Electrochemical aptamer-based nanobiosensors for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease: A review.

Diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease by electrochemical nanoaptasensors have recently received abundant attention. In this review, all recent nanomaterial-based electrochemical aptasensors developed to diagnose or prognosis Alzheimer's disease have been collected, categorized, and reviewed. Analytes in these aptasensors were specific biomarkers, including amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau protein, as well as other nonspecific markers (microRNAs (miRNAs), dopamine, thrombin, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), interleukin-6, α-1 antitrypsin, α-synuclein, target DNA (tDNA), and glycated albumin).

An aptasensing platform for detection of heat shock protein 70 kDa (HSP70) using a modified gold electrode with lady fern-like gold (LFG) nanostructure.

Early diagnosis of diseases depends on accessibility and the ability to detect associated biomarkers. Using aptamers and equipping signal transducers with nanomaterials have facilitated, accelerated, and provided sensitive and selective nanoaptasensors. In this study, the first aptasensor to detect heat shock protein 70 kDa (HSP70) has been developed by applying a modified gold electrode (GE) with the lady fern-like gold (LFG) nanostructure.

Electrochemical nanobiosensors equipped with peptides: a review.

Recent research in the field of electrochemical biosensors equipped with peptides and nanomaterials have been categorized, reviewed, and critically analyzed. Indeed, using these innovative biosensors can revolutionize biomedical diagnostics in the future. Saving lives, time, and money in this field will be considered as some main benefits of this type of diagnosis.

A Cardiac Troponin T Biosensor Based on Aptamer Self-assembling on Gold.

In this study, a sensitive and accurate aptasensor was designed for early detection of myocardial infarction through the determination of troponin T (TnT). The successful immobilization of a specific aptamer sequence on the surface of gold that had a high affinity toward TnT was accomplished. TnT was electrochemically quantified.

Electrochemical aptasensors based on the gold nanostructures.

Electrochemical aptasensors as novel diagnostic tools have attracted sufficient research interest in biomedical sciences. In this review, recent leading trends about gold (Au) nanostructures based electrochemical aptasensors have been collected, reviewed, and compared. Here, the considered electrochemical aptasensors were categorized based on the analytes and diagnostic techniques.

Antibacterial Assessment of Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles against and .

Background: Due to the appearance of resistant bacterial strains against the antimicrobial drugs and the reduced efficiency of these valuable resources, the health of a community and the economies of countries have been threatened.

Objective: In this study, the antibacterial assessment of zinc sulfide nanoparticles (ZnS NPs) against Streptococcus pyogenes and Acinetobacter baumannii has been performed.

Methods: ZnS NPs were synthesized through a co-precipitation method using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG-4000).

Aptamers in nanostructure-based electrochemical biosensors for cardiac biomarkers and cancer biomarkers: A review.

Heart disease (especially myocardial infarction (MI)) and cancer are major causes of death. Recently, aptasensors with the applying of different nanostructures have been able to provide new windows for the early and inexpensive detection of these deadly diseases. Early, inexpensive, and accurate diagnosis by portable devices, especially aptasensors can increase the likelihood of survival as well as significantly reduce the cost of treatment.

An electrochemical peptide-based biosensor for the Alzheimer biomarker amyloid-β using a microporous gold nanostructure.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is connected to aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and formation of insoluble plaques in the brain. Aβ level can be monitored as an AD early diagnosis route. In this study, an irregular shaped microporous gold nanostructure with a typical size of 150 × 250 nm was electrodeposited on a polycrystalline gold surface at 0 mV (vs.

An electrochemical troponin T aptasensor based on the use of a macroporous gold nanostructure.

A specific troponin T (TnT) binding aptamer was identified and immobilized on an electrodeposited macroporous gold nanostructure using poly(ethylene glycol) 600, to fabricate a novel and ultrasensitive TnT aptasensor. The transducer surface on the gold disk electrode was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, and immobilization of the aptamer was monitored by open circuit potential measurements. Binding of TnT by the aptamer was monitored by differential pulse voltammetry using ferro/ferricyanide as the redox probe.

An investigation of the association between the level of prolactin in serum and type II diabetes.

As a hormone secreted from the pituitary gland, prolactin (PRL) plays an important role in increasing beta cell proliferation, stimulating the secretion of insulin, preventing the activities of caspases on pathways that cause apoptosis in the Langerhans' islands, and moderating the immune system in regulating the whole body's sensitivity to insulin. Therefore, PRL level changes in type II diabetes and it can be concluded that PRL can play an important role in metabolic disorders of glucose. The present study is carried out in order to investigate the association between serum levels of PRL and type II DM.

Applications of Nanoflowers in Biomedicine.

Background: Nanotechnology has opened new windows for biomedical researches and treatment of diseases. Nanostructures with flower-like shapes (nanoflowers) which have exclusive morphology and properties have been interesting for many researchers.

Methods: In this review, various applications of nanoflowers in biomedical researches and patents from various aspects have been investigated and reviewed.

Toxic effects of Mn2O3 nanoparticles on rat testis and sex hormone.

Background And Objective: The safety of Mn2O3 nanoparticles (which are extensively used in industries) on male reproductive system is not known. Hence, we investigated the effects of Mn2O3 nanoparticles on male reproductive system.

Materials And Methods: A total of 40 Wistar adult male rats were randomly assigned to four groups of 10 rats each.