Effects of particle size on the pretreatment efficiency and subsequent biogas potential of polylactic acid.

The fragmentation of bioplastics (BPs) before pretreatment and anaerobic digestion is conducted for higher efficiency; however, based on the literature, the size reduction varies widely. In this study, initially, various combinations of thermal-alkaline pretreatments were applied at different strengths to the polylactic acid (PLA) in three groups (<0.5, 0.

Continuous production of high-concentrated ammonia broth through fermentation.

Being considered as a valuable resource and energy carrier, extensive research is going on to efficiently extract ammonia (NH) from anaerobic digestate. However, due to the well-known NH inhibition on methanogens, the total NH nitrogen (TAN) concentration is typically limited to 1-4 g N/L in digestate, making the NH extraction process energy-consumptive. Here, NH fermentation, specifically targeting augmented NH production through biological reaction, was performed in a continuous mode.

A novel viewpoint to the green city concept based on vegetation area changes and contributions to healthy days: a case study of Mashhad, Iran.

One of the significant challenges in urbanization is the air pollution. This highlights the need of the green city concept with reconsideration of houses, factories, and traffic in a green viewpoint. The literature review confirms that this reconsideration for green space has a positive effect on the air quality of large cities and to reduce the air pollution.