Russia SimSmoke: the long-term effects of tobacco control policies on smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable deaths in Russia.

Background: Russia has high smoking rates and weak tobacco control policies. A simulation model is used to examine the effect of tobacco control policies on past and future smoking prevalence and premature mortality in Russia.

Methods: The Russia model was developed using the SimSmoke tobacco control model previously developed for the USA and other nations.

[Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases: long term results of five year long preventive intervention in 12-year old boys (ten year prospective study)].

In a longitudinal cohort (prevention group, n=213, comparison group, n=163) of 10-year prospective follow-up we addressed efficacy of 5-year-long multifactor preventive intervention, conducted in a sample of population of 12 year old boys. Preventive intervention was carried out both at populational level and among persons with risk factors of development of cardiovascular diseases with the use of group, individual, and partly family approaches, and was directed at rationalization of nutrition, elevation of physical activity and prevention of harmful habits. During first 3 years of prevention we succeeded to achieve stable statistically significant lowering of mean levels of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and atherogeneity index, as well as to affect fatty component of body mass (skinfold thickness).

Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: 3-year intervention results in boys of 12 years of age.

Background: The intervention group comprised 477 children at the age of 11.8 +/- 0.11 years.

[Role of sex hormones in the development of atherogenic dyslipoproteinemia in boys of pubertal age].

Interrelationships of hypercholesterolemia (HCS), hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) or hypo-alpha-cholesterolemia (hypo-CS HDL) and the blood levels of sex hormones were investigated in boys aged 14-15 to detect variations in the levels of sex hormones to define groups of adolescents at the highest risk of developing atherogenic dyslipoproteinemia (DLP). A conclusion has been made that HCS and hypo-CS HDL development is associated with changes in the blood levels of testosterone and estradiol, and a low blood level of T in HTG is of secondary origin with regard to the development of this type of DLP.

[Atherogenic dyslipidemia in adolescents: its relation to ischemic heart disease in their fathers and the possibility of its prognosis].

Comparison of a group of adolescents aged 11-16 years whose fathers had angiographically documented coronary atherosclerosis in youth with those matched by sex and age whose parents were clinically healthy yielded the following discriminant function (DF) involving lipid and apoprotein indices of the plasma lipid system: DF = [apo B] X 0.03-[HDL cholesterol] X 0.04-0.

Prevention of atherosclerosis among 11-year-old schoolchildren in two Moscow administrative districts.

A total of 4,213 boys and girls 11 years of age were screened in two Moscow administrative districts. Preventive measures were conducted in one district and were directed at excess body mass, systolic blood pressure, blood lipids (only among boys), cigarette smoking, and physical inactivity. A reference group of peers, who did not receive advice on prevention, was selected from another district.

[Relation of the levels of thyroid hormones and cortisol and the degree of systolic arterial pressure in 11- and 12-year-old boys].

An epidemiologic evaluation of relationships between arterial BP changes, and thyroid and adrenocortical hormones was carried out in eleven- and twelve-year-old boys. Different patterns of correlation were demonstrated between plasma thyrotropic hormone, thyroid hormones and cortisol levels, on one hand, and systolic BP variation, on the other. There was a correlation between thyroid hormones and cortisol in these groups.

[Changes in the basic risk factors for ischemic heart disease in Moscow boys over the period of a year: natural dynamics and the effects of prophylactic action].

The rise in mean blood plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and VLDL cholesterol over a one-year period has been observed in Moscow boys (aged from 12 to 13 years). Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) in this period remained unchanged. In the district where preventive therapy was performed we have observed the decrease in mean levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol and SBP over a one-year period in boys of the same age group.

[Epidemiologic and preventive studies of the precursors of atherosclerosis in children and adults].

A total of 1920 schoolchildren of both sexes were examined at 12 to 13 years of age, with a follow-up of 242 children showing elevated BP and a random normotensive sample of 230. A set of features was identified that showed the greatest predictive value with respect to mean BP at five years' follow-up: baseline BP, the Katle index, the magnitude of the S wave and heart rate. A study of possible approaches to the prevention of atherosclerotic precursors in eleven-year-olds has been launched, with the action on certain risk factors, such as limited physical activity, elevated BP, smoking, excessive body weight lipid disorders (in boys only).