Very high particulate pollution over northwest India captured by a high-density in situ sensor network.

Exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 µm in diameter (PM) is a cause of concern in cities and major emission regions of northern India. An intensive field campaign involving the states of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi national capital region (NCR) was conducted in 2022 using 29 Compact and Useful PM Instrument with Gas sensors (CUPI-Gs).

The worldwide COVID-19 lockdown impacts on global secondary inorganic aerosols and radiative budget.

Global lockdown measures to prevent the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) led to air pollutant emission reductions. While the COVID-19 lockdown impacts on both trace gas and total particulate pollutants have been widely investigated, secondary aerosol formation from trace gases remains unclear. To that end, we quantify the COVID-19 lockdown impacts on NO and SO emissions and sulfate-nitrate-ammonium aerosols using multiconstituent satellite data assimilation and model simulations.

Global tropospheric ozone responses to reduced NO emissions linked to the COVID-19 worldwide lockdowns.

Efforts to stem the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) led to rapid, global ancillary reductions in air pollutant emissions. Here, we quantify the impact on tropospheric ozone using a multiconstituent chemical data assimilation system. Anthropogenic NO emissions dropped by at least 15% globally and 18 to 25% regionally in April and May 2020, which decreased free tropospheric ozone by up to 5 parts per billion, consistent with independent satellite observations.

Nitrogen oxides concentration and emission change detection during COVID-19 restrictions in North India.

COVID-19 related restrictions lowered particulate matter and trace gas concentrations across cities around the world, providing a natural opportunity to study effects of anthropogenic activities on emissions of air pollutants. In this paper, the impact of sudden suspension of human activities on air pollution was analyzed by studying the change in satellite retrieved NO concentrations and top-down NOx emission over the urban and rural areas around Delhi. NO was chosen for being the most indicative of emission intensity due to its short lifetime of the order of a few hours in the planetary boundary layer.

PM diminution and haze events over Delhi during the COVID-19 lockdown period: an interplay between the baseline pollution and meteorology.

Delhi, a tropical Indian megacity, experiences one of the most severe air pollution in the world, linked with diverse anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions. First phase of COVID-19 lockdown in India, implemented during 25 March to 14 April 2020 resulted in a dramatic near-zeroing of various activities (e.g.

Assessing Lagrangian inverse modelling of urban anthropogenic CO fluxes using in situ aircraft and ground-based measurements in the Tokyo area.

Background: In order to use in situ measurements to constrain urban anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO), we use a Lagrangian methodology based on diffusive backward trajectory tracer reconstructions and Bayesian inversion. The observations of atmospheric CO were collected within the Tokyo Bay Area during the Comprehensive Observation Network for TRace gases by AIrLiner (CONTRAIL) flights, from the Tsukuba tall tower of the Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) of the Japan Meteorological Agency and at two surface sites (Dodaira and Kisai) from the World Data Center for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG).

Results: We produce gridded estimates of the CO emissions and calculate the averages for different areas within the Kanto plain where Tokyo is located.

A projection of ozone-induced wheat production loss in China and India for the years 2000 and 2020 with exposure-based and flux-based approaches.

Using a high-resolution (40 × 40 km) chemical transport model coupled with the Regional Emission inventory in Asia (REAS), we simulated surface ozone concentrations ([O3 ]) and evaluated O3 -induced wheat production loss in China and India for the years 2000 and 2020 using dose-response functions based on AOT40 (accumulated [O3 ] above 40 ppb) and PODY (phytotoxic O3 dose, accumulated stomatal flux of O3 above a threshold of Y nmol m(-2) s(-1) ). Two O3 dose metrics (90 days AOT40 and POD6 ) were derived from European experiments, and the other two (75 days AOT40 and POD12 ) were adapted from Asian studies. Relative yield loss (RYL) of wheat in 2000 was estimated to be 6.

The Inhibition of Interferon-γ-Induced Upregulation of HLA-DR Expression on Cultured Human Gingival Fibroblasts by Interleukin-1β or Tumor Necrosis Factor-α.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of inflammatory cytokines on IFN-γ-induced HLA-DR expression on cultured human gingival fibroblasts by flow cytometry. Natural human IFN-γ, recombinant human interleukin-1β (rhIL-1β), and rh tumor necrosis factor-α (rhTNF-α) were used. IFN-γ-induced upregulation of HLA-DR expression was inhibited by simultaneously adding rhIL-1β or rhTNF-α (65.