Time courses of progress to the chronic stage of middle cerebral artery occlusion models in rats.

Several kinds of middle cerebral artery occlusion model in rats have been developed. Variable ischemic inductions are attributed to the different contributing factors in ischemic damage formation. In the present study, we examined the differences in ischemic induction attributed to chronic stage.

Total synthesis of sphingofungin E from D-glucose.

[reaction: see text] Total synthesis of sphingofungin E (1) is described. Overman rearrangement of an allylic trichloroacetimidate derived from diacetone-D-glucose generated tetra-substituted carbon with nitrogen, and subsequent Wittig olefination afforded the highly functionalized part in sphingofungin E (4) stereoselectively. Coupling reaction of 4 with the C(12) hydrophobic part, followed by further manipulation, completed the total synthesis.