DL-endopeptidases function as both cell wall hydrolases and poly-γ-glutamic acid hydrolases.

Biopolymers on the cell surface are very important for protecting microorganisms from environmental stresses, as well as storing nutrients and minerals. Synthesis of biopolymers is well studied, while studies on the modification and degradation processes of biopolymers are limited. One of these biopolymers, poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), is produced by Bacillus species.

Are muscle relaxants needed for nasal intubation in propofol and remifentanil anesthesia?

Purpose: The authors hypothesized that a muscle relaxant would have no meaningful difference in intubation conditions during nasal intubation under remifentanil and propofol anesthesia.

Materials And Methods: This parallel-group, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial included 44 patients who received saline (S group; n = 22) or rocuronium (R group; n = 22). In addition to remifentanil 0.

Lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation induces learning and memory deficits without neuronal cell death in rats.

We used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to activate microglia that play an important role in the brain immune system. LPS injected into the rat hippocampus CA1 region activated microglial cells resulting in an increased production of interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in the hippocampus during the initial stage of treatment. Immunostaining for IL-1beta was increased at 6 hr after LPS injection.