Robust Pixel Design Methodologies for a Vertical Avalanche Photodiode (VAPD)-Based CMOS Image Sensor.

We present robust pixel design methodologies for a vertical avalanche photodiode-based CMOS image sensor, taking account of three critical practical factors: (i) "guard-ring-free" pixel isolation layout, (ii) device characteristics "insensitive" to applied voltage and temperature, and (iii) stable operation subject to intense light exposure. The "guard-ring-free" pixel design is established by resolving the tradeoff relationship between electric field concentration and pixel isolation. The effectiveness of the optimization strategy is validated both by simulation and experiment.

Different immunohistochemical localization for TMEM16A and CFTR in acinar and ductal cells of rat major salivary glands and exocrine pancreas.

We investigated the mRNA expression and immunohistochemical localization of Cl channels, transmembrane member 16A (TMEM16A or anoctamin 1), and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in rat major salivary glands and exocrine pancreas. RT-PCR detected mRNA expression of TMEM16A and CFTR in the extracts of the parotid gland (PG), submandibular gland (SMG), sublingual gland (SLG), and pancreas. Immunoreactivity for TMEM16A was localized in the apical membrane of serous acinar and intercalated ductal cells in the PG and SMG as well as mucous acinar cells in the SLG; however, it was not detected in striated ductal cells of these tissues.

A 250 m Direct Time-of-Flight Ranging System Based on a Synthesis of Sub-Ranging Images and a Vertical Avalanche Photo-Diodes (VAPD) CMOS Image Sensor.

We have developed a direct time-of-flight (TOF) 250 m ranging Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor (CIS) based on a 688 × 384 pixels array of vertical avalanche photodiodes (VAPD). Each pixel of the CIS comprises VAPD with a standard four transistor pixel circuit equipped with an analogue capacitor to accumulate or count avalanche pulses. High power near infrared (NIR) short (<50 ns) and repetitive (6 kHz) laser pulses are illuminated through a diffusing optics.

[Mechanism of action of antiviral drugs].

Antiviral therapy is now one of routine practices and as common as chemotherapy against bacterial infection. Therefore it is important for the clinicians to understand the differences between bacterial and viral infections in order to use antiviral drugs properly. This review focuses the difference of the mechanism of action of antiviral drugs and antibiotics and the importance of host immune status to recover from microbial infection.

[Intraluminal ureteral hematoma complicating anticoagulant therapy].

Intraluminal ureteral hematoma is a rare disease and only a few cases have been previously described. We report a case of intraluminal ureteral hematoma induced by anticoagulant therapy. A 65-year old man having the oral anticoagulant therapy for prevention of secondary thrombolism following atrial fibrillation was referred to us for gross hematuria.