Expression of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptors in the Submandibular Gland of Mice and Its Implications in Type 2 Diabetes.

Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) not only affects the pancreas directly involved in glucose metabolism but also impairs salivary gland function. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a gastrointestinal hormone that lowers postprandial blood glucose levels by stimulating insulin secretion from the pancreas. Previous studies have revealed the presence of GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) in salivary glands.

P2X7R and P2X4R expression of mice submandibular gland in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic inflammatory disease that can compromise the functioning of various organs, including the salivary glands (SG). The purinergic system is one of the most important inflammatory pathways in T2DM condition, and P2X7R and P2X4R are the primary purinergic receptors in SG that regulate inflammatory homeostasis. This study aimed to evaluate P2X7R and P2X4R expression, and morphological changes in the submandibular gland (SMG) in T2DM.

The Effect of Two-Generation Exposure to a High-Fat Diet on Craniofacial Morphology in Rats.

This study aimed to examine the sexual dimorphism effect of two-generation exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) on the craniofacial growth of rat offspring. Ten eleven-week-old pregnant Wistar rats were fed either a control or HFD from day 7 of pregnancy until the end of lactation. Twelve male and female offspring from the control-diet-fed mothers were assigned to the CM (control male, n = 6) and CF (control female, n = 6) groups.