Effect of Continuous Ingestion of Bifidobacteria and Dietary Fiber on Improvement in Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

subsp. GCL2505 has been shown to have some positive effects on health, including improved defecation frequency and reduced visceral fat. These effects are thought to be due to GCL2505's unique ability to reach the intestine in a viable form and proliferate after a single intake.

Effects of Residual Silanol on Solid Phase Extraction of Organic Compounds to Octadecylsilyl Silica.

Batchwise equilibrium study was carried out on the retention of nonpolar and polar organic compounds to octadecylsilyl (ODS) silicas of different properties at atmospheric pressure. While nonpolar compounds were retained only by distribution on the ODS phase, polar compounds were retained by both distribution and Langmuir-type adsorption on residual silanol. Retention on ODS silica with more silanol proceeded at a higher rate than retention on ODS silica with less silanol and was reversible on this solid phase extraction time-scale.

Assessments of fine-scale spatial patterns of SNPs in an old-growth beech forest.

The spatial patterns of non-neutral genetic variations at fine spatial scales and their possible associations with microenvironments have not been well-documented for tree populations. Based on 25-32 SNP markers, we examine whether non-neutral SNPs and their associations with microenvironments can be detected in FcMYB1603, a gene homologous to that encoding a protein induced by drought stress in Arabidopsis thaliana for the 166 adult trees in a 1-ha plot in a mature population of Fagus crenata. In the 83 individuals of a younger cohort of below canopy trees, the nonsynonymous SNP at locus FcMYB1603_684 exhibited a spatial signature representing a departure from the expected spatial patterns of neutral genetic variation.

Effects of effort and difficulty on human preference for a stimulus: Investigation of the within-trial contrast.

The within-trial contrast hypothesis (WTC) provides a more parsimonious explanation for the phenomenon that humans and animals prefer outcomes that follow more effortful events to outcomes that follow less effortful events (Zentall, 2013). We conducted two WTC experiments with human adults. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the difficulty of a preceding event by varying the interresponse time and the limited-hold interval during differential reinforcement with a low response rate schedule, to examine the effect of effort on the preference for the subsequent stimuli.

Bovine serum albumin as a lyoprotectant for preparation of DNA dry powder formulations using the spray-freeze drying method.

The development of efficient and selective therapeutic gene delivery methods is a potential medical treatment for intractable diseases. Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) can efficiently deliver drugs locally to the lung. Many reports discuss preparation methods for DPIs.

Effect of powder characteristics on oral tablet disintegration.

This report describes an investigation of the factors affecting disintegration time in the mouth (DTM) of rapidly disintegrating tablets. The relation between DTM and stationary time of upper punch displacement (STP) was examined using a tableting process analyzer (TabAll). Results indicated that the bulk density of mixed excipient powder used for tablet preparation affects both DTM and STP.

Pathogenesis of intraparenchymal epidermoid cyst in the brain: a case report and review of the literature.

Background: Intracranial epidermoid cysts are relatively common; however, epidermoid cysts in the brain parenchyma are rare. In addition, the etiology of intraparenchymal epidermoid cysts is not clear.

Case Description: A 61-year-old woman presented with convulsive seizures.