Beam extraction from a Hall-type ion accelerator.

Fundamental characteristics of beam extraction from a Hall-type accelerator working with permanent magnets were investigated. Ions were extracted by an axial electric field E(z) in a small annular plasma channel with a radial magnetic field B(r). Effects of discharge current and voltage, length of discharge channel, and gas flow rate were examined.

[Photocurrent generators derived from non-covalently assembled soft-matter molecular system].

It is rather difficult to design a multilayer photocurrent generator system on the ITO electrode, however, the preparation of thin film with high surface concentration of donor units is indispensable in order to achieve high conversion efficiency. The polymer film of porphyrin bearing pyroles on the electrode was prepared by the potential sweep method. It was indicated that the self-aggregation can be suppressed by encapsulation of the porphyrin unit in the cavity of macro-cyclic host molecule, cyclodextrin.

Microwave-assisted direct transformation of amines to ketones using water as an oxygen source.

Retro-reductive aminations, direct transformations of amines to ketones, were catalyzed by Pd/C in water under microwave irradiation.

Approach to highly efficient dechlorination of PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar PCBs using metallic calcium in ethanol under atmospheric pressure at room temperature.

Detoxification of highly toxic polychlorinated aromatic compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like compounds such as coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs) under mild conditions (atmospheric pressure and room temperature) was achieved by a simple stirring operation for 24 h using metallic calcium in ethanol, without any tedious decomposition procedures and harsh conditions such as high temperature and/or high pressure. Metallic calcium can be kept stable under atmospheric conditions for a long period as compared to metallic sodium since the surface is coated with CaCO3, which is formed in the contact with air. Moreover, ethanol, which is one of the safest solvents for humans, acts not only as a solvent but also as an accelerator due to its ablility to remove the carbonated coating.

Reduction of carbonyl groups to the corresponding methylenes with Ni-Al alloy in water.

The reduction of carbonyl compounds 1a-h using Ni-Al alloy in water under reflux proceeded to give the corresponding methylene compounds 2a-h within 2 h in 89.0-99.8% relative yields.

Lewis Acid Catalysis in the Oxidative Cycloaddition of Thiophenes(1).

Thiophenes 1 were treated with m-chloroperbenzoic acid (m-CPBA) under BF(3).Et(2)O catalysis to afford thiophene S-monoxides. These could be reacted in situ as intermediary species with a number of dienophiles to provide arenes (with alkynes as dienophiles) or 7-thiabicyclo[2.