Review of Performance Improvement of a Noninvasive Brain-computer Interface in Communication and Motor Control for Clinical Applications.

Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) enable direct communication between the brain and a computer or other external devices. They can extend a person's degree of freedom by either strengthening or substituting the human peripheral working capacity. Moreover, their potential clinical applications in medical fields include rehabilitation, affective computing, communication, and control.

Neural mechanisms of economic choices in mice.

Economic choices entail computing and comparing subjective values. Evidence from primates indicates that this behavior relies on the orbitofrontal cortex. Conversely, previous work in rodents provided conflicting results.

Cognitive control functions of anterior cingulate cortex in macaque monkeys performing a Wisconsin Card Sorting Test analog.

Monkeys were trained to select one of three targets by matching in color or matching in shape to a sample. Because the matching rule frequently changed and there were no cues for the currently relevant rule, monkeys had to maintain the relevant rule in working memory to select the correct target. We found that monkeys' error commission was not limited to the period after the rule change and occasionally occurred even after several consecutive correct trials, indicating that the task was cognitively demanding.